Articles
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16,918 results
Article
Tram-track sign (chest)
Tram-track sign may be used in chest radiography or CT to denote the thickened non-tapering (parallel) walls of cylindrical bronchiectasis.
It should not be confused with other tram-track signs elsewhere in the body.
Article
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis (plural: bronchiectases) is defined as an irreversible abnormal dilatation of the bronchial tree. It has a variety of underlying causes, with a common etiology of chronic inflammation. High-resolution CT is the most accurate modality for diagnosis.
Epidemiology
As there are many...
Article
Postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis (PAGCL)
Postarthroscopic glenohumeral chondrolysis (PAGCL) is a rare complication of arthroscopic surgery in which there is rapid dissolution of articular cartilage with degenerative change of the glenohumeral articulation.
Epidemiology
PAGCL is more frequent in young people between 10 and 40 years, a...
Article
Ectopic posterior pituitary
An ectopic posterior pituitary reflects a disruption of normal embryogenesis of the posterior pituitary and is one of the more common causes of pituitary dwarfism. Although it can be an isolated abnormality, numerous other congenital central nervous system malformations have been identified. Whe...
Article
Hamada classification of massive rotator cuff tears
The Hamada classification divides the x-ray features of massive rotator cuff tears into five grades. Subsequently, Walch subdivided grade 4 into two subtypes 1,2.
Classification
Hamada classification with Walch modification of rotator cuff tear arthropathy 1,3:
grade 1: acromiohumeral interva...
Article
Lemierre syndrome
Lemierre syndrome, also known as postanginal septicemia, refers to thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein(s) with distant metastatic anaerobic septicemia in the setting of initial bacterial oropharyngeal infection such as pharyngitis/tonsillitis into lateral pharyngeal spaces of the neck ...
Article
Vitamin B6 excess
Vitamin B6 excess (hypervitaminosis B6) is caused by excessive consumption of supplemental pyridoxine, which is used as a therapeutic agent for several conditions.
Epidemiology
This hypervitaminosis is typically seen in those taking pyridoxine as prescription medication; it remains in use for...
Article
External ventricular drain
External ventricular drains (EVDs) are a common neurosurgical procedure used to monitor and treat raised intracranial pressure in the acute setting.
Complications
infection
EVD malfunction
EVD malposition
intracranial hemorrhage (e.g. subdural, intraventricular)
seizure
See also
intracra...
Article
Ventriculitis
Ventriculitis refers to inflammation, usually due to infection, of the ependymal lining of the cerebral ventricles. It is most often due to concurrent meningitis.
Terminology
The entity or closely related variants have also been variously referred to as ependymitis, ventricular empyema, intrav...
Article
Ventricular system
The ventricular system in the brain is a series of interconnecting spaces and channels within the brain composed of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is produced by ependymal cells which line the ventricles. They are continuous with the central canal. Ventricles contain around 20% of the total aver...
Article
Calcaneal tendon
The calcaneal tendon, commonly known as the Achilles tendon, is the strongest and largest tendon of the human body. It is also one of the commonest tendons to become injured due to its high biomechanical load but poor vascularity 2.
Gross anatomy
The calcaneal tendon forms by the merging of fi...
Article
Venolymphatic malformation
Venolymphatic malformation is a descriptive term for vascular malformation. It is comprised of dysplastic venous and lymphatic channels. Anatomy can be better categorized under the ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies if it is better known. They were previously described under the spectrum...
Article
Taussig-Bing anomaly
Taussig-Bing anomaly is a rare congenital heart malformation and is one of the variants of double outlet right ventricle. It consists of transposition of the aorta to the right ventricle and malposition of the pulmonary artery with subpulmonary ventricular septal defect.
The associated conotrun...
Article
Scoliosis
Scoliosis (plural: scolioses) is defined as an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It is quite common in young individuals and is often idiopathic and asymptomatic. In some cases, however, it is the result of underlying structural or neurological abnormalities.
Terminology
Early onset sco...
Article
Gibbus deformity
A gibbus deformity is a short-segment structural thoracolumbar kyphosis resulting in sharp angulation.
Pathology
Etiology
There are a number of causes which can be divided into congenital and acquired.
Congenital
achondroplasia
cretinism (congenital hypothyroidism)
Apert syndrome
Coffin-...
Article
Accessory transverse foramen
An accessory transverse foramen, also known as a double transverse foramen, are a second, smaller foramen in the transverse process of typical cervical vertebrae 1. They are smaller than the transverse foramen, and may be unilateral or bilateral. Small studies have suggested a prevalence of 8-24...
Article
Posterior cranial fossa
The posterior cranial fossa is the most posterior aspect of the skull base housing the brainstem and cerebellum.
Gross anatomy
The following structures are present from anterior to posterior:
internal acoustic meatus
foramen magnum
groove for superior petrosal sinus
jugular foramen
hypogl...
Article
Sacroiliitis (differential)
Sacroiliitis (rare plural: sacroiliitides), an inflammation of the sacroiliac joint, can be a manifestation of a wide range of disease processes. The pattern of involvement is helpful for narrowing down the differential diagnosis.
Usually bilateral and symmetrical
enteropathic arthritis
Croh...
Article
Tarlov cyst
Tarlov cysts, also called perineural cysts, are CSF-filled dilatations of the nerve root sheath at the dorsal root ganglion (posterior nerve root sheath). These are type II spinal meningeal cysts that are, by definition, extradural but contain neural tissue.
Most Tarlov cysts are asymptomatic, ...
Article
Bottom of sulcus focal cortical dysplasia
Bottom of sulcus focal cortical dysplasia, or simply bottom of sulcus dysplasia, refers to a highly epileptogenic and localized focal cortical dysplasia that is anatomically restricted to, and maximal at, the bottom of a cortical sulcus.
Epidemiology
The true incidence is not known given botto...
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