Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,922 results
Article
T tube cholangiogram
T-tube cholangiograms are a fluoroscopic study performed in the setting of hepatobiliary disease. This technique has been largely superseded by MRCP and ERCP.
Typically a T-shaped tube is left in the common bile duct at the time of surgery (e.g. cholecystectomy) and allows for exploration of t...
Article
Cysticercosis
Cysticercosis is a parasitic tissue infection caused by ingestion of tapeworm eggs through a fecal-oral transmission or auto-infection. Humans act as a definitive host in this disease.
CNS manifestations are discussed individually on neurocysticercosis.
Epidemiology
The disease is endemic in ...
Article
Xiphisternum
The xiphisternum (also known as the xiphoid process or simply the xiphoid) is the smallest of the three parts of the sternum (manubrium, body or gladiolus, and xiphisternum). It arises from the inferior and posterior margin of the sternal body and projects inferiorly. It is a small cartilaginous...
Article
Unfused sternal body segments (sternebrae)
The sternal body forms from four sternebrae each developing from primary ossification centers. The first sternebra typically ossifies prenatally from a single ossification center, whilst the 2nd to 4th sternebrae most often ossify postnatally from multiple ossification center in each sternebra. ...
Article
Tendon
Tendons are flexible and inelastic bands of strong fibrous connective tissue that transmit force from muscle to bone and form an integral part of the musculoskeletal system. They can be intraarticular, coated in a tendon sheath or remain extrasynovial, coated by paratenon. Tendons are considered...
Article
Sesamoid
Sesamoids, also known as sesamoid bones, are focal areas of ossification within tendons as they pass over joints 1. They can also occur in ligaments and usually measure a few millimeters in diameter. Their function is purported to be to alter the direction of the tendon and modify pressure, ther...
Article
Patella
The patella (plural: patellae) is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body. It lies within the quadriceps/patellar tendon and forms part of the knee joint and extensor mechanism of the knee 1.
Gross anatomy
Osteology
The patella is triangular in shape with a superior base and inferior apex...
Article
Bony skeleton
The skeleton is the complete set of bones in the human body.
Traditionally there are said to be 206 bones in total which can be divided into:
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
NB: the total of 206 bones treats the patellae as proper bones and not sesamoids, and ignores all the other sesam...
Article
Skull
The skull (TA: cranium) is the superior-most part of the human skeleton and houses the brain and includes the skeletal elements of the face. It consists of numerous bones connected to each other by sutures which renders them immobile.
Terminology
Variability in which bones to include and how t...
Article
Foramen magnum
The foramen magnum is the largest foramen of the skull and is part of the occipital bone 1. It is oval in shape with a large anteroposterior diameter 2.
Gross anatomy
The foramen magnum is found in the most inferior part of the posterior cranial fossa 3. It is traversed by vital structures inc...
Article
Vertebral venous plexus
The vertebral venous plexus is a highly anastomotic network of valveless veins running along the entire length of the vertebral column from the foramen magnum to the sacral hiatus.
Gross anatomy
The vertebral venous plexus is comprised of three interconnected divisions:
internal vertebral ven...
Article
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscles, skeletal striated muscles or plainly muscles are integral to the locomotor system responsible for movements. The human body's musculoskeletal system has more than 600 muscles 1 making up around 40% of the body weight. They are heterogeneous and have different architectures and ...
Article
Vertebral vascular foramen
Vertebral vascular foramina, also known as Hahn canal or cleft, are normal findings seen on cross-sectional imaging and should not be mistaken for a fracture, especially in the setting of trauma. They transmit:
basivertebral veins (forms Hahn's canal): foramen is seen on the posterior surface o...
Article
Bifid rib
A bifid or bifurcated rib is a congenital skeletal abnormality where the affected rib has a forked sternal end. They are thought to occur in ~0.2% of the population and there may be a female and right-sided predilection 2.
Epidemiology
Associations
Gorlin (nevoid basal cell carcinoma) syndrom...
Article
Corona mortis
Corona mortis, also known as the crown of death, is a common variant arterial anastomosis between either the external iliac artery or deep inferior epigastric artery and the obturator artery. Injury to this anastomosis (e.g. due to pubic ramus fractures) may cause significant hemorrhage.
Termin...
Article
Cortical superficial siderosis
Cortical superficial siderosis (cSS) refers to deposition of hemosiderin along the leptomeninges and subpial surfaces, localized to the cortical sulci, as a sequela of convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Terminology
Cortical superficial siderosis is a supratentorial pathology and should not be c...
Article
Convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Convexal subarachnoid hemorrhages (cSAH), also known as convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage, are subarachnoid hemorrhages that occur within the cortical sulci of the brain.
Epidemiology
Convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage accounts for approximately 6% of all subarachnoid hemorrhage 7.
Pathology
T...
Article
Ribs
The ribs form the main structure of the thoracic cage protecting the thoracic organs, however their main function is to aid respiration 3.
Gross anatomy
There are 12 pairs of ribs which are separated by intercostal spaces. The first seven ribs progressively increase in length, the lower five r...
Article
Sternum
The sternum (plural: sterna or sternums) is the anterior midline chest wall bone plate that articulates with clavicles and ribs. It is composed of 3 parts (from superior to inferior): the manubrium, sternal body and xiphoid process.
Gross anatomy
The sternum comprises three bones which are fir...
Article
Cortical laminar necrosis
Cortical laminar necrosis, also known as pseudolaminar necrosis, is necrosis of cortical neurons in situations when the supply of oxygen and glucose is inadequate to meet regional demands. This is often encountered in cardiac arrest, global hypoxia and hypoglycemia.
It should not be confused wi...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.