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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration

Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration is a common type of acquired cerebellar ataxia characterized by chronic vermian atrophy 1. It is a sequela of chronic alcohol use or malnutrition. Terminology Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration has also been described in the literature as alcohol-related cerebe...

Factor V Leiden

Factor V Leiden is a primary hypercoagulable state due to a variant (mutated form) of human factor V (five). Factor V is one of several coagulation factors that assist in the clotting pathway. Epidemiology Heterozygous factor V Leiden may be present in around 5% of the European population and ...

CT abdomen-pelvis (protocol)

The CT abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the whole abdomen including the pelvis. It is one of the most common CT protocols for any clinical questions related to the abdomen and/or in routine and emergencies. It forms also an integral part of trauma and oncologic ...

Cardiac gating (CT)

Cardiac gating or ECG gated angiography in CT is an acquisition technique that triggers a scan during a specific portion of the cardiac cycle. Often this technique is conveyed to obtain high-quality scans void of pulsation artefact. Technique Via the attachment of ECG leads, cardiac gating aim...

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) describes the bony destruction of the jaw (the mandible is more commonly involved than the maxilla) with exposed bone present for greater than eight weeks in the presence of current or previous antiresorptive and/or antiangiogenic medication us...

CT pancreas (protocol)

The CT pancreas protocol serves as an outline for a dedicated examination of the pancreas. As a separate examination, it is usually conducted as a biphasic contrast study and might be conducted as a part of other scans such as CT abdomen-pelvis, CT chest-abdomen-pelvis. Note: This article aims...

Cardiac iron overload protocol (MRI)

The cardiac MRI iron overload protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the cardiac assessment in case of suspected iron overload cardiomyopathy. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the above setting. Protocol specifics will vary dep...

Choroid plexus carcinoma

Choroid plexus carcinomas are malignant neoplasms arising from the choroid plexus. They are classified as a WHO grade 3 tumor and while there is considerable overlap in imaging characteristics they carry a significantly poorer prognosis than both WHO grade 2 atypical choroid plexus papilloma, an...

Breast ductography

Breast ductography (a.k.a. galactography) is an imaging technique which is used to evaluate lesions causing nipple discharge. It helps in precisely locating the mass within breast tissue and gives useful information for surgical approach and planning. Technique A blunt-tipped sialogram needle ...

Duodenal ulcer

Duodenal ulcer is defined as injury to the duodenal mucosa, most commonly due to either medication or infection. These ulcers are a subtype of peptic ulcer disease. Epidemiology The incidence of duodenal ulcers ranges between 5-10% in developed countries. There is, however, evidence of decreas...

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation

Congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM) are multicystic masses of segmental lung tissue with abnormal bronchial proliferation. CPAMs are considered part of the spectrum of bronchopulmonary foregut malformations. Terminology Until recently, they were described as congenital cystic aden...

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) may be seen as part of widespread involvement in patients with disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis or more frequently as a distinct entity in young adult smokers. This article focuses on the latter. Epidemiology Pulmonary Langerhans cell h...

Lung-RADS

Lung-RADS (Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System), is a classification proposed to aid with findings in low-dose CT screening exams for lung cancer. The goal of the classification system is to standardize follow-up and management decisions. The system is similar to the Fleischner criteria but d...

Glioblastoma NOS

Glioblastoma NOS (not otherwise specified) is a diagnosis in the 2021 WHO classification of CNS tumors and denotes a diffuse glioma with astrocytic features and anaplasia, microvascular proliferation and/or necrosis consistent with a WHO grade 4 tumor but with inconclusive or unavailable IDH mut...

Mediastinal lymphoma

Mediastinal lymphoma is common, either as part of disseminated disease or less commonly as the site of primary involvement. Epidemiology Lymphomas are responsible for approximately 15% of all primary mediastinal masses, and 45% of anterior mediastinal masses in children 1. Only 10% of lymphom...

Interthalamic adhesion

The interthalamic adhesion, or massa intermedia, is a small variably present connection between the medial apposing surfaces of the two thalami that passes through the third ventricle. It is not a commissure as once thought, as it does not contain neurons; instead, it is composed of glial tissue...

Investigating diplopia (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Diplopia, also known as double vision, is a visual symptom of seeing two images of a single object. Reference article This is a summary article; there is not a more in-depth reference article. Summary epidemiology more...

Aortic valve

The aortic valve (AV) is one of the four cardiac valves and one of two semilunar valves (along with the pulmonary valve). It allows blood to exit the left ventricle (LV) during systole by opening, and during diastole it stops blood exiting by closing. Gross anatomy The valve has left, right, ...

Mitral valve

The mitral valve (MV) (or bicuspid valve) is one of the four cardiac valves. It is the atrioventricular valve that allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. It opens during diastole and closes during systole. Gross anatomy The valve has anterior and posterior leaflets, ...

Dandy-Walker continuum

Dandy-Walker continuum, also referred to as Dandy-Walker spectrum or Dandy-Walker complex, corresponds to a group of disorders believed to represent a continuum spectrum of posterior fossa malformations, characterized by inferior vermian hypoplasia and incomplete formation of the fourth ventricl...

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