Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,906 results found
Article
Lipomyelocele
Lipomyelocele, also known as lipomyeloschisis, is one of the most common closed spinal dysraphisms. It is most commonly encountered in the thoracolumbar region and usually presents as a fatty subcutaneous mass.
It should not be confused with myeloschisis which is a severe form of open spinal dy...
Article
Spatial compounding (ultrasound)
Spatial compounding is an advanced ultrasound technique that utilizes multiple angles of insonation to create a single averaged image 1.
Clinical applications
The advantages of spatial compounding are that angle dependent artefacts are reduced, curved surfaces appear more continuous and backgr...
Article
Esophageal stricture
Esophageal stricture refers to any persistent intrinsic narrowing of the esophagus.
Terminology
The term peptic stricture refers specifically to those benign esophageal strictures caused by chronic acid reflux, although some - incorrectly - use it more loosely to refer to any benign esophagea...
Article
Schatzki ring
A Schatzki ring, also called a Schatzki-Gary ring, is a symptomatic, narrow esophageal B-ring occurring in the distal esophagus and usually associated with a hiatus hernia.
Epidemiology
Relatively common, lower esophageal rings are found in ~6-14% of oesophagrams 9.
Associations
More than ...
Article
Salter-Harris classification
The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and, at the time of writing (January 2023) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.
Classification
Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.
type I
s...
Article
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a surgical procedure for the extraction of large renal calculi. It is usually performed in the operating theater either by a urologist or combined urologist-radiologist team.
Indication
PCNL is used to destroy and remove renal calculi, typically over 2 cm...
Article
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Normal pressure hydrocephalus remains a controversial entity with often ambiguous imaging findings. It is classically characterized by the triad of gait apraxia/ataxia, urinary incontinence, and cognitive impairment, although not all patients with the condition have all three 31.
On imaging, it...
Article
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy, or simply GFAP astrocytopathy, is a rare inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder.
Epidemiology
Given the rarity of the condition, epidemiological data pertaining to autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy are not well establishe...
Article
Alexander disease
Alexander disease, also known as fibrinoid leukodystrophy, is a rare fatal leukodystrophy. Usually clinically evident in the infantile period, neonatal, juvenile, and adult variants are recognized. As with many diseases with a variable age of presentation, the earlier it manifests the more fulmi...
Article
External auditory canal cholesteatoma
External auditory canal cholesteatomas are a rare subtype of acquired cholesteatoma.
Epidemiology
The external acoustic canal is a rare location for a cholesteatoma with an estimated incidence of around 1.2 per 1,000 new otological patients ref. The overall incidence rate in one large study wa...
Article
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal condition in premature neonates. It is characterized by inflammation, ischemia, and permeability of the neonatal bowel wall to bacteria. It is potentially life-threatening with significant associated morbidity 1.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Multiplanar reformation (MPR)
Multiplanar reformation or reconstruction (MPR) involves the process of converting data from an imaging modality acquired in a certain plane, usually axial, into another plane 1. It is most commonly performed with thin-slice data from volumetric CT in the axial plane, but it may be accomplished ...
Article
Periosteal osteosarcoma
Periosteal osteosarcomas are intermediate-grade bone-forming neoplasms originating on the bony surface in strong association, typically underneath the periosteum.
Epidemiology
Periosteal osteosarcomas are the second most common type of surface-based osteosarcoma after parosteal osteosarcoma an...
Article
Parotid gland tumors
Parotid gland tumors include a variety of benign and malignant entities that are also found in other salivary glands (see salivary gland tumors). The frequency of different tumors varies considerably among the salivary glands with the parotid gland hosting the majority of all salivary gland tumo...
Article
Animal and animal produce inspired signs
Animal and animal produce inspired signs may sound a little silly, but the radiology literature is replete with such signs, some more fanciful than others.
Fish and marine life
cluster of black pearls sign
endosteal scalloping: medullary cavity masses, e.g. multiple myeloma
fish vertebra (al...
Article
Chipmunk sign (brainstem)
The chipmunk sign refers to the MRI appearance of the medulla in some patients with leukodystrophies, particularly Alexander disease. The same appearance has been described in adult polyglucosan body disease, vanishing white matter disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, 4H syndrome, and adult-on...
Article
Idiopathic orbital inflammation
Idiopathic orbital inflammation, also known as orbital pseudotumor, or idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome and non-specific orbital inflammation, is an idiopathic inflammatory condition that most commonly involves the extraocular muscles. Less commonly there is inflammatory change involving...
Article
Iterative reconstruction (CT)
Iterative reconstruction refers to an image reconstruction algorithm used in CT that begins with an image assumption and compares it to real-time measured values while making constant adjustments until the two are in agreement.
Computer technology limited early scanners in their ability to perf...
Article
Active surveillance
Active surveillance describes a management option aiming at close monitoring of a specific stage of disease and minimizing adverse treatment-related effects without compromising survival at the same time. Curative or definite treatment is intended and offered upon deterioration or explicit patie...
Article
Double skull sign (cephalohematoma)
The double skull sign is an eggshell calcification seen on CT in early cases of calcified cephalohematomas.