Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,931 results
Article
Ankle joint
The ankle joint (also known as the tibiotalar joint or talocrural joint) forms the articulation between the foot and the leg. It is a primary hinge synovial joint lined with hyaline cartilage.
Gross anatomy
The ankle joint is comprised of the tibia, fibula and talus as well as the supporting l...
Article
Boyd amputation
Boyd amputation refers to amputation at the level of the ankle with preservation of the calcaneus and heel pad and consequent fixation of the calcaneus to the tibia. It allows for complete weight bearing and provides both stabilization of the heel pad and suspension for a prosthesis.
Article
Above the knee amputation
Above-the-knee amputation (AKA) is the surgical removal of the leg from the body by cutting through both the thigh tissue and femoral bone.
Indications
The procedure may be necessary for a wide variety of reasons 1:
trauma to the lower leg, resulting in a non-viable leg at or near the level o...
Article
Dacryocystography
Dacryocystography (DCG) is a fluoroscopic contrast examination of the nasolacrimal apparatus/duct system i'e Lacrimal canaliculi,lacrimal sac and Nasolacrimal duct with the use of Iodinated water soluble contrast media.
Indications
1:-Epiphoria(Excessive watering/tearing of eye).
2:-Chronic D...
Article
Amputation (generic)
The term amputation refers to the disconnection of all or part of a limb from the body. Specifically, amputation is defined as the removal of the structure through a bone. This is in contrast to disarticulation, which is the removal of the structure through a joint.
When due to trauma, traumati...
Article
Words we never use
There are a number of words we never use at Radiopaedia.org. This may be the result of an international consensus on correct spelling, other times it is a local decision about how we can improve consistency on the site. The term orthography is the formal term for the system of spelling for any l...
Article
Toddler fracture
Toddler fractures, also known as childhood accidental spiral tibial (CAST) fractures, are minimally displaced or undisplaced spiral fractures, usually of the distal tibia, commonly encountered in toddlers. It is potentially difficult to diagnose because the symptoms and imaging findings can both...
Article
Heterotopic ossification
Heterotopic ossification refers to the presence of bone in soft tissue where bone normally does not exist (extraskeletal bone). Lesions range from small clinically insignificant foci of ossification to large deposits of bone that cause pain and restriction of function.
Clinical presentation
Th...
Article
Posterior dislocation of the hip
Posterior dislocations of the hip, although uncommon, are the most common direction of dislocation for this joint, outnumbering anterior dislocations 9:1.
Pathology
It most frequently occurs in the setting of significant trauma, given a large amount of force required. The most common scenario ...
Article
Transient intussusception
Transient or uncomplicated intussusception is known to occur in adults and children and can be considered physiological. Given the condition's transient nature, it is probably underdiagnosed. The main factors distinguishing transient from intussusceptions requiring surgical intervention are abse...
Article
Inner ear malformations (classification)
Inner ear malformations are a spectrum of congenital anomalies involving the inner ear structures with an emphasis on the cochlea due to their implications for sensorineural hearing loss.
Usage
An imaging-based classification was first proposed in 1987 by Jackler et al. according to polytomogr...
Article
Below the knee amputation
Below-knee amputation (BKA) is the surgical removal of the distal lower leg (tibia and fibula) ankle joint and foot including the soft tissues and serves as a life-saving procedure.
Indications
Generally, below-knee amputation is preferred over above-knee amputation, as the former has better r...
Article
Transverse sinus stenosis
Transverse sinus stenosis, or lateral sinus stenosis, describes reduction in the caliber of the transverse sinus. Although potentially seen in a number of contexts, including within the asymptomatic general population incidentally, transverse sinus stenosis is an important finding in patients wi...
Article
Parkinson disease
Parkinson disease (PD), also known as idiopathic Parkinson disease (iPD), is a neurodegenerative disease and movement disorder characterized by resting tremor, rigidity and hypokinesia due to progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.
Epidemiology
Parkinson dise...
Article
Dose area product
The dose area product (DAP) or kerma area product (KAP) is a method of radiation dose monitoring used in radiographic and fluoroscopic studies. It provides one indication of the radiation dose received by a patient and is the measurement used in dose audits (such as comparing Diagnostic referenc...
Article
Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic transformation is a complication of cerebral ischemic stroke and can significantly worsen prognosis.
Terminology
The term hemorrhagic transformation is somewhat variably used and collectively refers to two different processes, which have different incidence, appearance and prognost...
Article
Acute leukoencephalopathy with restricted diffusion
Acute leukoencephalopathy with restricted diffusion (ALERD) is a clinicoradiological spectrum of disease with clinical features of leukoencephalopathy and associated imaging findings where diffusion restriction is the dominant finding.
Radiographic features
MRI
The dominant radiological featu...
Article
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), historically also known as Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome, is an autosomal recessive disorder causing involuntary spasticity and progressive dementia. It is a subset of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA).
Epidemiology
Cla...
Article
Pericardial recesses
The pericardial recesses are small spaces in the pericardial cavity formed by reflections of the pericardium.
Gross anatomy
Pericardial fluid can pool in these recesses and can be categorized by whether they arise from the transverse sinus, the oblique sinus, or the pericardial cavity proper 3...
Article
Musculoskeletal radiology for students (curriculum)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
The medical student musculoskeletal radiology curriculum represents a core set of common pathologies and presentations that are key to understand during any orthopedic attachment in medical school.
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