Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,919 results
Article
Pons
The pons (TA: pons; plural: pontes 3), a.k.a. pons Varolii, is the middle portion of the three contiguous parts of the brainstem, sitting above the medulla and below the midbrain. It acts as a relay between the cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres.
Gross anatomy
The pons has a bulbous shape an...
Article
Cerebellum
The cerebellum, meaning "the little brain", sits at the base of the brain in the posterior cranial fossa below the tentorium and behind the brainstem.
Gross anatomy
The cerebellum has the following features:
three surfaces: anterior (petrosal), superior (tentorial), inferior (suboccipital)
...
Article
Cerebellar infarction
Cerebellar infarction is a relatively uncommon subtype of ischemic stroke. It may involve any of the three arteries supplying the cerebellum:
superior cerebellar artery (SCA): superior cerebellar arterial infarct
anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA): anterior inferior cerebellar arterial...
Article
Perianal fistula
Perianal fistula (or fistula-in-ano) (plural: fistulae or fistulas) is the presence of a fistulous tract across/between/adjacent to the anal sphincters and is usually an inflammatory condition 1.
Epidemiology
Incidence is estimated at ~1:10,000 2, with a recognized male predilection of 2-4:1.
...
Article
Cerebrum
The cerebrum is a paired neural structure composed of the two cerebral hemispheres (left and right) each containing a central space, the lateral ventricle. It develops from the telencephalon.
Gross anatomy
The cerebrum takes up most of the intracranial cavity and lies above the tentorium cereb...
Article
Knee joint
The knee joint is a modified hinge joint between the femur, tibia, and patella. It is the largest synovial joint in the body and allows flexion and extension of the leg as well as some rotation in the flexed position.
Summary
location: two condylar joints between femur and tibia; saddle joint ...
Article
Foot series
The foot series is comprised of a dorsoplantar (DP), medial oblique, and a lateral projection. The series is often utilized in emergency departments after trauma or sports related injuries 2,4.
See: approach to foot series.
Indications
Foot radiographs are performed for a variety of indicatio...
Article
WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of haematolymphoid tumors is the most widely used pathologic classification system for hematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms. The current revision 1, known as the 5th edition, was published in 2022 and supersedes the 4th edition revised published...
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Acute erythroid leukemia
Acute erythroid leukemia (AML-M6 or AEL) is defined as a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with predominance of erythroid precursors (≥ 50% of bone marrow nucleated cells are of erythroid origin).
Epidemiology
This type accounts for less than 5% of all cases of acute myeloid leukemia.
S...
Article
OK sign test
The OK sign test is a clinical test to evaluate for potential injury of the anterior interosseous nerve.
Gross anatomy
The anterior interosseous nerve (roots C8-T1)is a branch off the median nerve (roots C6-T1), arising just after the median nerve passes through the two heads of the pronator t...
Article
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome is a rare hereditary neurodegenerative disease which usually presents in early infancy as a systemic and central nervous system inflammatory syndrome characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, vasculopathy and encephalopathy. Many of the features are similar to congenital TO...
Article
Adrenal hyperplasia
Adrenal hyperplasia refers to non-malignant growth (enlargement) of the adrenal glands.
Secondary adrenal cortical hyperplasia (i.e., ACTH-dependent, Cushing Disease) is more common and most often due to ACTH producing pituitary tumors. More rarely, it is caused by ACTH-producing small cell lu...
Article
Acute cholecystitis
Acute cholecystitis refers to the acute inflammation of the gallbladder. It is the primary complication of cholelithiasis and the most common cause of acute pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ).
Epidemiology
Acute cholecystitis is a common cause of hospital admission and is responsible for a...
Article
Phalanges of the hands
The phalanges (single: phalanx) of the hands are the tubular bones of the fingers and thumb. The second to fifth fingers each contain a proximal, middle and distal phalanx whereas the thumb only contains a proximal and distal phalanx.
Gross anatomy
Osteology
The middle and proximal phalanges ...
Article
Wrist
The wrist is a complex synovial joint formed by articulations of the radius, the articular disc of the distal radioulnar joint and the carpal bones.
Terminology
Somewhat confusingly, the term carpus can be used as a synonym for the wrist joint as a whole, or in a more restricted sense to refer...
Article
Bathrocephaly
Bathrocephaly, also known as bathrocephalic occiputs, is a normal variation in skull shape, caused by an outward convex bulge of mid-portion of the occipital bone, often associated with a modification of the mendosal suture.
Epidemiology
The true incidence of this disorder is unknown 1.
Rarel...
Article
Fibrosarcoma
Fibrosarcomas are malignant tumors of fibroblast origin. They are a type of soft tissue sarcoma that can be grouped by patient age, i.e. adult fibrosarcoma and infantile fibrosarcoma, and/or anatomical region, for example:
fibrosarcoma of the breast
fibrosarcoma of the chest wall
fibrosarcoma...
Article
Acquired cystic kidney disease
Acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) is a condition that occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), especially when on dialysis treatment. They do not have a history of other cystic renal disease.
Epidemiology
Its incidence increases with the amount of time a patient is azotemic...
Article
Popliteal venous aneurysm
Popliteal venous aneurysms are rare than those of the popliteal artery and are mostly asymptomatic. However, due to the disturbance of the venous blood flow, they can lead to potentially life-threatening consequences, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
Epidemiology
...
Article
Atypical choroid plexus papilloma
Atypical choroid plexus papillomas are WHO grade 2 tumors derived from choroid plexus epithelium with intermediate clinical and pathological features between more indolent choroid plexus papillomas and more aggressive choroid plexus carcinomas.
As clinically, and on imaging, they are difficult ...
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