Syndactyly
Updates to Article Attributes
Syndactyly (plural: syndactylies) refers to a congenital fusion of two or more digits. It may be confined to soft tissue (soft tissue syndactyly/simple syndactyly) or may involve bone (bony syndactyly/complex syndactyly).
Epidemiology
The overall estimated incidence is at ~1 per 2,500 to 5,000 live births 6,8. There may be a greater male predilection.
Pathology
There is a very wide spectrum of syndactyly ranging from partial to complete.
Associations
Syndactyly can occur as an isolated phenomenon or can be associated with numerous other entities. Isolated cases can be either sporadic or familial.
Aneuploidic syndromic
-
triploidy: tend to affect the 3rd
andand 4thdigitsdigits of the hands
Non-aneuploidic syndromic
-
acrocephalosyndactylies
- type I:Apert syndrome
- type II:Crouzon syndrome
- type III:Saethre-Chotzen syndrome
- type V:Pfeiffer syndrome
-
acrocephalopolysyndactylies
- type I:Noack syndrome
- type II:Carpenter syndrome: typically gives soft tissue syndactyly
- type III:Sakati-Nyhan syndrome
- type IV:Goodman syndrome
- amniotic band syndrome 3
- Fraser syndrome / cryptophthalmos syndrome 4
- Gorlin syndrome
- Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome 5
- macrodystrophia lipomatosa
- Pallister-Hall syndrome
- Poland syndrome
- proximal radioulnar synostoses:Cenani Lenz syndactyly
- prune belly syndrome
- Roberts syndrome
- VACTERL association
- Down syndrome 10
- neurofibromatosis type 111
Non syndromic-syndromic
- isolated polydactyly, a.k.a. polysyndactyly
- isolated brachydactyly, a.k.a. brachysyndactyly
- isolated ectrodactyly
Pathology
There is a very wide spectrum of syndactyly ranging from partial to complete.
Distribution
As a wholeOverall, the 2nd and 3rd digits tend to be most frequently associated 6. May involve the toes more than fingers.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
Postnatally the type and degree of bony syndactyly can be easily diagnosed on plain film.
Antenatal ultrasound
Often difficult to diagnose on ultrasound (especially with soft tissue syndactyly). The diagnosis may be suggested if the digits appear to constantly move together 7. The fingers may appear constantly deformed with complex syndactyly 6.
Treatment and prognosis
The overall prognosis can be extremely variable depending on the presence of other associated anomalies.
History and etymology
The term syndactyly is derived from the Greek words syn'syn' meaning together and daktulos'daktulos' meaning fingers.
See also
-<p><strong>Syndactyly</strong> (plural: syndactylies) refers to a congenital fusion of two or more digits. It may be confined to soft tissue (<a href="/articles/soft-tissue-syndactyly">soft tissue syndactyly</a>/<a href="/articles/simple-syndactyly">simple syndactyly</a>) or may involve bone (<a href="/articles/bony-syndactyly">bony syndactyly</a>/<a href="/articles/complex-syndactyly">complex syndactyly</a>).</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>The overall estimated incidence is at ~1 per 2,500 to 5,000 live births <sup>6,8</sup>. There may be a greater male predilection.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>There is a very wide spectrum of syndactyly ranging from partial to complete.</p><h5>Associations</h5><p>Syndactyly can occur as an isolated phenomenon or can be associated with numerous other entities. Isolated cases can be either sporadic or familial.</p><h6>Aneuploidic syndromic</h6><ul><li>-<a href="/articles/triploidy">triploidy</a>: tend to affect the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> digits of the hands</li></ul><h6>Non-aneuploidic syndromic</h6><ul>- +<p><strong>Syndactyly</strong> (plural: syndactylies) refers to a congenital fusion of two or more digits. It may be confined to soft tissue (<a href="/articles/soft-tissue-syndactyly">soft tissue syndactyly</a>/<a href="/articles/simple-syndactyly">simple syndactyly</a>) or may involve bone (<a href="/articles/bony-syndactyly">bony syndactyly</a>/<a href="/articles/complex-syndactyly">complex syndactyly</a>).</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>The overall estimated incidence is at ~1 per 2,500 to 5,000 live births <sup>6,8</sup>. There may be a greater male predilection.</p><h5>Associations</h5><p>Syndactyly can occur as an isolated phenomenon or can be associated with numerous other entities. Isolated cases can be either sporadic or familial.</p><h6>Aneuploidic syndromic</h6><ul><li>
- +<a href="/articles/triploidy">triploidy</a>: tend to affect the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> digits of the hands</li></ul><h6>Non-aneuploidic syndromic</h6><ul>
-<li>type I: <a href="/articles/apert-syndrome">Apert syndrome</a>- +<li>type I: <a href="/articles/apert-syndrome">Apert syndrome</a>
-<li>type II: <a href="/articles/crouzon-syndrome">Crouzon syndrome</a>- +<li>type II: <a href="/articles/crouzon-syndrome">Crouzon syndrome</a>
-<li>type III: <a href="/articles/saethre-chotzen-syndrome-3">Saethre-Chotzen syndrome</a>- +<li>type III: <a href="/articles/saethre-chotzen-syndrome-3">Saethre-Chotzen syndrome</a>
-<li>type V: <a href="/articles/pfeiffer-syndrome">Pfeiffer syndrome </a>- +<li>type V: <a href="/articles/pfeiffer-syndrome">Pfeiffer syndrome</a>
-<li>type I: <a href="/articles/noack-syndrome">Noack syndrome</a>- +<li>type I: <a href="/articles/noack-syndrome">Noack syndrome</a>
-<li>type II: <a href="/articles/carpenter-syndrome">Carpenter syndrome</a>: typically gives soft tissue syndactyly</li>-<li>type III: <a href="/articles/sakati-nyhan-syndrome-2">Sakati-Nyhan syndrome</a>- +<li>type II: <a href="/articles/carpenter-syndrome">Carpenter syndrome</a>: typically gives soft tissue syndactyly</li>
- +<li>type III: <a href="/articles/sakati-nyhan-syndrome-2">Sakati-Nyhan syndrome</a>
-<li>type IV: <a href="/articles/goodman-syndrome">Goodman syndrome</a>- +<li>type IV: <a href="/articles/goodman-syndrome">Goodman syndrome</a>
-<a href="/articles/proximal-radioulnar-synostoses-cenani-lenz-syndactyly">proximal radioulnar synostoses: </a><a href="/articles/cenani-lenz-syndactyly-1">Cenani Lenz syndactyly</a>- +<a href="/articles/proximal-radioulnar-synostoses-cenani-lenz-syndactyly">proximal radioulnar synostoses: </a><a href="/articles/cenani-lenz-syndactyly-1">Cenani Lenz syndactyly</a>
-<li><a href="/articles/vacterl-association-1">VACTERL association </a></li>- +<li><a href="/articles/vacterl-association-1">VACTERL association</a></li>
-<a href="/articles/neurofibromatosis-type-1-musculoskeletal-manifestations-1">neurofibromatosis type 1</a> <sup>11</sup>- +<a href="/articles/neurofibromatosis-type-1-musculoskeletal-manifestations-1">neurofibromatosis type 1</a> <sup>11</sup>
-</ul><h6>Non syndromic</h6><ul>- +</ul><h6>Non-syndromic</h6><ul>
-</ul><h5>Distribution</h5><p>As a whole the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd </sup>digits tend to be most frequently associated <sup>6</sup>. May involve the toes more than fingers.</p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><p>Postnatally the type and degree of bony syndactyly can be easily diagnosed on plain film.</p><h5>Antenatal ultrasound</h5><p>Often difficult to diagnose on ultrasound (especially with soft tissue syndactyly). The diagnosis may be suggested if the digits appear to constantly move together <sup>7</sup>. The fingers may appear constantly deformed with complex syndactyly <sup>6</sup>.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>The overall prognosis can be extremely variable depending on the presence of other associated anomalies.</p><h4>History and etymology</h4><p>The term syndactyly is derived from the Greek words syn meaning together and daktulos meaning fingers.</p><h4>See also</h4><ul><li><a href="/articles/symphalangism">symphalangism</a></li></ul>- +</ul><h4>Pathology</h4><p>There is a very wide spectrum of syndactyly ranging from partial to complete.</p><h5>Distribution</h5><p>Overall, the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd </sup>digits tend to be most frequently associated <sup>6</sup>. May involve the toes more than fingers.</p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><p>Postnatally the type and degree of bony syndactyly can be easily diagnosed on plain film.</p><h5>Antenatal ultrasound</h5><p>Often difficult to diagnose on ultrasound (especially with soft tissue syndactyly). The diagnosis may be suggested if the digits appear to constantly move together <sup>7</sup>. The fingers may appear constantly deformed with complex syndactyly <sup>6</sup>.</p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>The overall prognosis can be extremely variable depending on the presence of other associated anomalies.</p><h4>History and etymology</h4><p>The term syndactyly is derived from the Greek words 'syn' meaning together and 'daktulos' meaning fingers.</p><h4>See also</h4><ul><li><a href="/articles/symphalangism">symphalangism</a></li></ul>