189 results
Article
Skeletal survey
A skeletal survey is a series of radiographs, performed systematically to cover the entire skeleton or the anatomic regions appropriate for the clinical indications.
Its objective is to accurately identify focal and diffuse abnormalities of the skeleton and to differentiate them from developmen...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (urinary bladder)
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder, is the most common primary neoplasm of the urinary bladder, and bladder TCC is the most common tumor of the entire urinary system.
This article concerns itself with transitional cell carcinomas of the...
Article
Foreign body
Foreign bodies are objects lying partially or wholly within the body that originated in the external environment. Foreign body placement is voluntary or involuntary. Although implanted medical devices represent foreign bodies in the broad sense of the term, these have their own set of articles (...
Article
Normal genitourinary tract imaging examples
This article lists examples of normal imaging of the genitourinary tract and surrounding structures, divided by modality.
Kidneys
Plain radiograph
KUB: example
abdominal x-ray: example
Intravenous Urogram / Pyelogram (IVU/IVP)
IVU: example 1, example 2
Ultrasound
renal ultrasound: exampl...
Article
Kidneys
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that lie at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebral bodies.
Gross anatomy
Location
The kidneys are located to either side of the vertebral column in the perirenal space of the retroperitoneum, within the posterior abdominal wall. The long axis of the...
Article
Cystic nephroma
Cystic nephromas, previously known as multilocular cystic nephromas, are rare benign renal neoplasms classically occurring in adult females in the 4th and 5th decades. As of the 2016 WHO classification, they are considered distinct from pediatric cystic nephromas which have associated DICER1 gen...
Article
Anal canal cancer protocol (MRI)
MRI protocol for anal canal cancer is a group of MRI sequences put together to asses extension and stage anal canal tumors.
Note: This article is intended to outline some general principles of protocol design. The specifics will vary depending on MRI hardware and software, radiologist's and ref...
Article
Pelviureteric junction obstruction
Pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction/stenosis, also known as ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction/stenosis, can be one of the causes of obstructive uropathy. It can be congenital or acquired with a congenital pelviureteric junction obstruction being one of the commonest causes of antenat...
Article
CT thoracic spine (protocol)
The CT thoracic spine or T-spine protocol serves as an examination for the assessment of the thoracic spine. As a separate examination, it is often performed as a non-contrast study. It might be combined or simultaneously acquired with a CT chest or CT chest-abdomen-pelvis as part of a trauma or...
Article
Pelvic lipomatosis
Pelvic lipomatosis or pelvic fibrolipomatosis represents excessive deposition of fat in the pelvis due to overgrowth of adipose cells leading to compression of pelvic organs.
Epidemiology
The condition usually presents in patients 20-50 years of age. The condition is predominantly (~66% of cas...
Article
Aorto-left renal vein fistula
Aorto-left renal vein fistula is an extremely rare complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. The initial clinical presentation is often non-specific, however, characteristic imaging findings, if recognized early, can lead to prompt diagnosis and assist in surgical planning.
Epidemiolo...
Article
Investigating PR bleeding (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Investigating PR bleeding radiologically may help to make a diagnosis or give more information after a diagnosis has been established. Radiology should not replace appropriate physical examination or appropriate use of sigm...
Article
Anterior pararenal space
The anterior pararenal space is the portion of the retroperitoneum that lies between the posterior surface of the parietal peritoneum and the anterior reflection of the renal fascia.
Gross anatomy
It contains the retroperitoneal portion of the duodenum (distal D1 to D3), the pancreas, and retr...
Article
Metastatic melanoma
Metastatic melanoma is known for its aggressive nature and for its ability to metastasize to a variety of atypical locations, which is why it demonstrates poor prognostic characteristics.
Epidemiology
Melanoma accounts for ~5% of all skin cancers, however, it remains the leading cause of death...
Article
Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica
Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH), also known as Trevor disease, is an extremely rare, non-hereditary disease that is characterized by osteochondromas arising from the epiphyses.
Epidemiology
The incidence is estimated at ~1:1,000,000 3. There is a recognized male predilection (M:F = 3:1...
Article
Apparent diffusion coefficient
Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is a measure of the magnitude of diffusion (of water molecules) within tissue, and is commonly clinically calculated using MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) 1.
Basics
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is widely appreciated as an indispensable tool i...
Article
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis (less commonly known as Bechterew disease or Marie-Strümpell disease) is a seronegative spondyloarthropathy, which results in fusion (ankylosis) of the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints, although involvement is also seen in large and small joints.
Epidemiology
Traditional...
Article
Primary cardiac tumors
Primary cardiac tumors are uncommon and comprise only a small minority of all tumors that involve the heart: most are mediastinal or lung tumors that extend through the pericardium and into the heart, or metastases 1.
Epidemiology
Primary cardiac tumors have an estimated autopsy prevalence of ...
Article
Bone metastases
Bone (skeletal) metastases are the third most frequent behind lung and liver metastases 6. They result in significant morbidity in patients with metastatic disease. Although the diagnosis is often straightforward, especially as in many cases there is a well-documented history of metastatic malig...
Article
Investigation of hip injury (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Hip injury is an important, but relatively uncommon reason to present to emergency services. As with other traumatic presentations, age distribution is bimodal with high-energy trauma in the younger population and potential...
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