Search results for “COPD”
353 results
Article
Brock model for pulmonary nodules
The Brock model, also known as the PanCan model, is a multivariable model that estimates the risk that a pulmonary nodule on CT scan is lung cancer.
The model was developed from participants enrolled in the Pan-Canadian Early Detection of Lung Cancer Study 1, has been validated in lung cancer s...
Article
Pulmonary bulla
A pulmonary bulla (pleural bullae) is a gas-containing cystic structure formed by confluent destroyed and dilated airspaces (distal to terminal brochioles). They are typically well-demarcated and rounded with a fine smooth lining composed of a thin layer of collapsed lung 6.
Although bullae are...
Article
Hard metal pneumoconiosis
A hard metal pneumoconiosis is usually classified as a type of fibrotic pneumoconiosis where the precipitating agent consists of a fine particulate form of hard metal such as:
cobalt/cobalt-tungsten alloys 10
tungsten/tungsten carbide alloys
implicated alloys often contain small amounts of ot...
Article
Centrilobular pulmonary emphysema
Centrilobular pulmonary emphysema is the most common morphological subtype of pulmonary emphysema.
Epidemiology
It may be found in up to one-half of adult smokers at autopsy 1.
Risk factors
cigarette smoking
Pathology
The pathological process of centrilobular emphysema typically begins nea...
Article
Small pulmonary nodules (HRCT chest approach)
Small pulmonary lung nodules refer to an HRCT chest imaging descriptor for 5-10 mm lung nodules and are divided into three main categories based on their distribution pattern:
centrilobular
perilymphatic
random
Terminology
Radiologists often informally refer to indeterminate small pulmonary...
Article
Adenosine
Adenosine is a vasodilating agent, which acts on the vascular smooth muscle surface and leads to vasodilation and a considerable increased vascular flow.
NB: This article aims to give a summarized description of adenosine. For detailed and exact information please refer to the information and d...
Article
Emphysematous gastritis
Emphysematous gastritis is a cause of gastric emphysema. It is a form of phlegmonous gastritis caused by gas-producing organisms 3. In this condition, microorganisms (e.g. Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium welchii, or mixed infections with Staphylococcus aureus) produce the ...
Article
HRCT chest - expiration (protocol)
Expiratory high-resolution CT (HRCT) imaging corresponds to an additional CT acquisition performed as part of the HRCT chest protocol. It represents a scan performed with the patient on supine and images obtained at the end-expiration.
It is a useful method for detecting small airways obstruct...
Article
Cystic lung lesions (pediatric)
Cystic lesions in pediatric patients are usually congenital lesions and, as such, can be seen antenatally and following delivery.
Pathology
Etiology
Congenital
These congenital lesions are predominantly covered by the overarching diagnosis of bronchopulmonary foregut malformation. This is a ...
Article
Pulmonary tumourlet
Pulmonary tumourlets refer to a type of neuroendocrine cell proliferation in the lung. They are at the benign end of the spectrum of neuroendocrine cell proliferation when diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia DIPNECH breach basement membrane but remain less than 5 mm in d...
Article
Penetrating thoracic trauma
Penetrating thoracic trauma, namely gunshot and stab injuries, vary widely in incidence globally but nevertheless result in high mortality and serious morbidity. CT is the modality of choice in imaging these patients and can reduce the need for surgical exploration.
Pathology
Penetrating thor...
Article
Williams-Campbell syndrome
Williams-Campbell syndrome (WCS) is a rare form of congenital cystic bronchiectasis, in which distal bronchial cartilage is defective.
Clinical presentation
Williams-Campbell syndrome may present with recurrent pneumonia, wheezing, barrel-chest deformity, and Harrison sulcus 8.
Pathology
It ...
Article
Spontaneous rib fracture
Spontaneous rib fractures are rib fractures that occur in the absence of a definitive precipitant. According to one study, they were most frequently between the 4th and 9th ribs and multiple in around 40% of cases. Some were associated with factors such as 1
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas...
Article
Cervical lung hernia
Cervical lung hernias (alternative plural: herniae), also known as apical lung hernias, are a subtype of lung hernias in which lung protrudes through the apex of the thoracic cavity.
Epidemiology
Lung herniation of any form is rare. Cervical lung hernia is thought to represent only ~20% lung h...
Article
Tracheobronchial injury
Tracheobronchial injury is a serious but uncommon manifestation of chest trauma. It is usually a fatal injury with only a small percentage of patients making it to hospital. Given the magnitude of force required to injure the major airways, there are often multiple chest and other bodily injurie...
Article
Unilateral hypertransradiant hemithorax (mnemonic)
Unilateral hypertransradiancy is the correct term for the chest radiograph appearance of increased blackness affecting one lung. Hyperlucency is a commonly used alternative but is inaccurate; the chest is not penetrated by light!
A logical approach begins by checking for:
technical factors
pa...
Article
Uvula
The uvula is a small, conical, pendulous process projected inferiorly from the midline posterior margin of the soft palate. It is primarily formed from the insertions of the two muscles of the uvula and their covering mucosa.
Summary
location: posterior midline soft palate
blood supply: from ...
Article
Gluten-related disorders
Gluten-related disorders are a collection of conditions that are the result of a reaction to the consumption of gluten a protein found in wheat, barley and rye 1.
Gluten-related disorders can be broadly divided into 1,2:
celiac disease: most common and most widely recognized
wheat allergy
n...
Article
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary fibrosis is the preferred general term for the permanent replacement of lung parenchyma by connective tissue and is typically associated with functional impairment. A variety of insults cause focal or diffuse lung injury (mechanical, infectious, inflammatory and iatrogenic). Lung repai...
Article
Benign post-traumatic pseudopneumoperitoneum
Benign post-traumatic pseudopneumoperitoneum is the presence of ectopic gas typically between the 5th-10th intercostal spaces after high-energy trauma in the absence of other causes of pseudopneumoperitoneum such as pneumomediastinum 9.
Epidemiology
Occurs with an incidence of 5% post-trauma...
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