Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
31 results found
Article
Breast MRI
Breast MRI is the most sensitive method (>90%) for the detection of breast cancer. Its role in diagnosis and management continues to evolve 13.
Terminology
Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI provides information about the morphology and function of a lesion with high sensitivity but moderate ...
Article
Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system
Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system for bladder cancer is of historic interest only and has been superseded by the TNM staging system.
stage 0: epithelial
stage A: submucosal invasion but no involvement of muscle i.e. lamina propria
stage B: bladder wall or muscle invasion
B1: superf...
Article
Pyrexia of unknown origin
A pyrexia of unknown origin, commonly shortened to PUO, and also known as a fever of unknown origin (FUO), was originally defined in 1961 as the condition in which the core body temperature is >38.3oC for a period of three weeks or more, with no diagnosis reached after one week of inpatient inve...
Article
Hyperechoic liver lesions
A hyperechoic liver lesion on ultrasound can arise from a number of entities, both benign and malignant. A benign hepatic hemangioma is the most common entity encountered, but in patients with atypical findings or risk for malignancy, other entities must be considered.
Benign
hepatic hemangiom...
Article
Screening for breast cancer
Screening for breast cancer includes activities which test members of asymptomatic populations for breast cancer. Many advanced countries have breast screening programs. The most widely adopted method for breast cancer screening is mammography.
There are few areas in imaging fraught with more c...
Article
Giant breast mass
Giant breast masses are defined as breast masses >5 cm and may represent a late presentation of breast pathology, particularly in developing countries. They may be single or multiple and either benign or malignant. Many of the underlying etiologies for giant breast masses are indistinguishable o...
Article
Congenital heart disease chest x-ray (an approach)
With the advent of echocardiography, and cardiac CT and MRI, the role of chest x-rays in evaluating congenital heart disease has been largely relegated to one of historical and academic interest. However, they continue to crop up in radiology exams. In most instances a definite diagnosis cannot ...
Article
MRI targeted prostate biopsy
MRI targeted prostate biopsy refers to an imaging targeted technique rather than the traditional systematic approach of a prostate biopsy after respective imaging with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate.
As a consequence of advances with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate in t...
Article
Split bolus technique
The split bolus technique is a CT imaging investigation used in patients with hematuria aiming to put together, in a single image acquisition, both the nephrographic and renal excretory phases and thus reducing the radiation dose of the study. It is a CT protocol adopted for some institutions fo...
Article
Intraventricular masses (an approach)
The ventricular system of the brain plays host to a variety of unique tumors, as well as tumors that are more frequently seen elsewhere (e.g. meningiomas). Besides, some intra-axial (parenchymal) masses can be mostly exophytic and thus appear mostly intraventricular. A systematic approach taking...
Article
Prostate MRI (an approach)
Prostate MRI has become an increasingly frequent examination faced in daily radiological practice and is mainly conducted for the detection, active surveillance and staging of prostate cancer. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of a prostate MRI (usually mpMRI) wi...
Article
RANO criteria for glioma
Response assessment in neuro-oncology (RANO) criteria, published in 2010 1, are used to assess response to first-line treatment of glioblastoma (as well as lower grade astrocytoma 3) and have largely superseded the older Macdonald criteria (which only dealt with glioblastoma multiforme) 2.
For ...
Article
Computed tomography texture analysis
Computed tomography texture analysis (or CTTA) is a method to obtain new useful biomarkers that provide objective and quantitative assessment of tumor heterogeneity by analyzing the differences and patterns within the pixel values of an image. CTs can be worked with as a matrix of numbers, corre...
Article
Solitary pulmonary nodule (an approach)
A solitary pulmonary nodule, according to the Nomenclature Committee of the Fleischner Society, is defined as a rounded opacity, well or poorly-defined on a conventional radiograph, measuring up to 3 cm in diameter and is not associated with lymphadenopathy, atelectasis, or pneumonia.
Several r...
Article
Head and neck cancer therapy response interpretation (Hopkins criteria)
The head and neck cancer therapy response interpretation (Hopkins criteria) is a qualitative system of interpretation for therapy response assessment using PET-CT.
Background
Widely used options for therapy response assessment are clinical examination, histopathology, CT and MR imaging, howeve...
Article
Hemorrhage exclusion sign (prostate)
The hemorrhage exclusion sign can be a useful MRI finding following prostate biopsy.
Pathology
The normal prostate produces high concentrations of citrate, which among other properties, acts as an anticoagulant 1. As tumor cells are dysfunctional, they will produce lower levels of citrate than...
Article
Weight loss
A clinical presentation of weight loss is extremely common and often a source of marked anxiety for the patient. The commonest cause of unintentional weight loss (UWI) is gastrointestinal tract disease, and not malignancy.
Terminology
The published literature lacks a consistent definition of w...
Article
Reporting and Data Systems (disambiguation)
There has been a proliferation of Reporting and Data Systems (RADS), which have been proposed - and in many cases widely adopted - as standardized systems for the reporting of imaging of various body organs, often, but certainly not always, with a focus on oncological disease 2. These systems al...
Article
British Thoracic Society guidelines for pulmonary nodules
British Thoracic Society guidelines for pulmonary nodules were published in August 2015 for the management of pulmonary nodules seen on CT. In the United Kingdom, they supersede the Fleischner Society guidelines.
They are based initially on identifying whether the nodule is solid or subsolid an...
Article
Causes of perfusion defects on a VQ scan
There are several causes leading to a perfusion defect on a VQ scan with an acute pulmonary embolus being only one of them:
Vascular causes
acute pulmonary embolus
previous pulmonary embolus (including fat embolism, thromboembolism, air embolism, tumor)
vasculitides affecting the pulmonary v...
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