132 results
Article
Neonatal herpes simplex encephalitis
Neonatal herpes simplex encephalitis is caused by vertical transmission of infection during passage from birth canal with diffuse cerebral involvement within the first month after birth; in contrast to adult herpes simplex encephalitis, it is commonly related to HSV-2.
Epidemiology
The incide...
Article
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL)
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is a systemic genetic disorder affecting the cerebral small vessels, spine and hair follicles.
CARASIL is an HTRA1-related cerebral small vessel disease, and thus is closely related to, but dis...
Article
Gracile fasciculus
The gracile fasciculus, also known as the fasciculus gracilis (plural: fasciculi graciles) or column of Goll, represents the medial portion of the dorsal columns and carries input from below and including T7 1.
Function
The gracile fasciculus is responsible for transmitting vibration, consciou...
Article
Saccular cerebral aneurysm
Saccular cerebral aneurysms, also known as berry aneurysms, are intracranial aneurysms with a characteristic rounded shape. They account for the vast majority of intracranial aneurysms and are the most common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Terminology
Those larger than 25 mm i...
Article
Central nervous system embryology
Central nervous system (CNS) embryology is complex, and below is a brief summary of its development.
The early CNS begins as a simple neural plate that folds to form a groove then tube, open initially at each end. Within the neural tube stem cells generate the two major classes of cells that m...
Article
Hippocampal commissure
The hippocampal commissure, also called the commissure of the fornix, is a transversely-oriented white matter tract connecting the two hippocampi via the fornices 1. The specific function of the hippocampal commissure is unknown, although damage to the fornices has been shown to lead to memory l...
Article
Listeria meningoencephalitis
CNS infection with Listeria monocytogenes, classically presenting as listeria rhombencephalitis, results from infection with Listeria monocytogenes, a motile facultative anaerobic bacterium. It is cited as the most common etiology for rhombencephalitis, typically seen in the elderly, and resulti...
Article
Anteroposterior diameter of the lateral ventricle index
The anteroposterior diameter of the lateral ventricle index (ALVI) is a quantitative metric to evaluate the size of the lateral ventricles, particularly in normal pressure hydrocephalus.
Usage
The anteroposterior diameter of the lateral ventricle index has only been described and is not very w...
Article
McLeod syndrome
McLeod syndrome, also known as McLeod phenomenon is a rare X-linked syndrome caused by a mutation in the XK gene that results in hematological abnormalities and late-onset, slowly progressive degeneration of a variety of tissues including the brain, peripheral nerves, muscle and heart 1. It sho...
Article
Quadrigeminal cistern
The quadrigeminal cistern (also known as superior cistern or cistern of the great cerebral vein) is one of the CSF-filled subarachnoid cisterns.
Boundaries
The boundaries of the quadrigeminal cistern are as follows 2:
anterior: quadrigeminal plate of the midbrain (or colliculi)
posterior: t...
Article
Superior geniculocalcarine tract
The superior geniculocalcarine tract or superior optic radiation is the dorsal/posterior/superior fibers of the optic radiation. These superior fibers pass dorsally and posteriorly from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus through the retrolentiform internal capsule and parietal lobe t...
Article
Diffuse axonal injury (grading)
Grading of diffuse axonal injury due to trauma is described according to the anatomic distribution of injury. Contrary to the implication of the word "diffuse," diffuse axonal injury has a topological predilection for focal involvement of certain sites in the brain. These sites, in turn, vary in...
Article
Central nervous system germinoma
Intracranial germinomas, also known as dysgerminomas or extra-gonadal seminomas, are a type of germ cell tumor and are predominantly seen in pediatric populations. They tend to occur in the midline, either at the pineal region (majority) or along the floor of the third ventricle/suprasellar regi...
Article
Neurodegenerative MRI brain (an approach)
Imaging of the brain in patients with suspected neurodegenerative conditions is common and challenging, as in patients with subtle and equivocal signs and symptoms, the imaging findings are also often subtle and equivocal. In many instances, by the time imaging findings are clear cut, then the p...
Article
Vigabatrin-associated toxicity
Vigabatrin-associated toxicity is a potential neurological complication in patients treated with vigabatrin, an antiseizure medication whose mechanism of action includes GABA levels retention at the level of synapses in the brain. It is primarily used as a treatment of focal seizures and infanti...
Article
Intracranial germ cell tumors
Intracranial germ cell tumors are a heterogeneous group with variable imaging appearances, biology, response to treatment and prognosis.
The WHO classification of CNS tumors divides intracranial germ cell tumors into:
germinoma (account for 60-80% of all cases) 2
embryonal carcinoma
yolk s...
Article
Peduncular hallucinosis
Peduncular hallucinosis is an uncommon neurological symptom characterized by vivid, well formed visual hallucinations.
Clinical presentation
The visual hallucinations are sterotyped, vivid and tend to not cause the patient significant distress. Additional symptoms include difficulty sleep at ...
Article
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe demyelinating diseases, which in seropositive cases, is caused by an autoantibody to the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel. The classic presentation of NMOSD is with the triad of optic neuritis, longitudinally extensive myelitis, and posi...
Article
Internal cerebral vein
The internal cerebral veins are paired, paramedian veins which course posteriorly along the roof of the third ventricle, between the two leaves of the velum interpositum.
Gross anatomy
Each is formed at the foramen of Monro by the confluence of the choroidal vein (draining the choroid plexus o...
Article
Hockey stick sign (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)
The hockey stick sign is an MRI imaging feature most commonly associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. It describes the combination of the pulvinar sign (forming the blade/head of the stick) along with involvement of the medial thalamus (forming the shaft).
A similar appearance can be seen in...
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