Search results for “COPD”
353 results
Article
Pia mater
The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges and together with the arachnoid mater is referred to as the leptomeninges. It is closely related to the surface of the brain and unlike the arachnoid mater extends into the sulci 1.
Gross anatomy
The pia mater is separated from the arachnoid...
Article
Swiss cheese sign (lungs)
The Swiss cheese sign has been used for the appearance on CT of fluid-containing pneumatoceles, that typically occurs following pulmonary lacerations 1. They have also been described on CT appearances where there is pulmonary infection superimposed on emphysema 2.
The pneumatocoeles appear as '...
Article
Hopkins syndrome
Hopkins syndrome is a rare poliomyelitis-like neurological syndrome that occurs following an episode of acute asthma.
Clinical presentation
It usually manifests as flaccid paralysis of one or more limbs, several days or weeks following an episode of acute asthma.
Pathology
The pathogenesis i...
Article
Lung volume reduction surgery
Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is an emerging promising palliative treatment option for select patients with severe, debilitating pulmonary emphysema. It usually involves bilateral wedge resection of 20-30% of the most diseased lung through a median sternotomy. It has been proposed that L...
Article
Assessment of lungs, pleura and airways on chest x-ray (approach)
Described below is one approach to the assessment of airways, lungs and pleura on chest x-ray. Start by assessing the tracheal air column, followed by the lungs and finally the pleural spaces.
Tracheobronchial tree
assess position, should be central and deviation can be due to
positive mass ...
Article
Diagnosis of exclusion
A diagnosis of exclusion is an expression that in general applies to that diagnosis that is left over after all other possible differential diagnoses have been excluded. However some of the conditions for which the epithet of 'diagnosis of exclusion' are applied are actually verifiable but somet...
Article
Flattening of the diaphragm
Flattening of the diaphragm is the most sensitive sign on chest radiographs for the presence of hyperinflation of the lungs, usually due to emphysema 1,2.
On a lateral chest radiograph, the normal dome of each hemidiaphragm should rise at least 1.5 cm above a line connecting the costophrenic an...
Article
Renal emphysema
Renal emphysema, or intrarenal gas, refers to the presence of gas within the kidney, with or without extension to the urinary tract.
It is a rare finding and only a few differentials need to be considered 1:
infections
emphysematous pyelonephritis 1
iatrogenic
instrumentation
biopsy
surge...
Article
Ginkgo leaf sign (subcutaneous emphysema)
The ginkgo leaf sign of the chest, also referred to as the ginkgo leaf sign of subcutaneous emphysema, is a radiographic appearance seen with extensive subcutaneous emphysema of the chest wall. Gas outlines the fibers of the pectoralis major muscle and creates a branching pattern that resembles ...
Article
Orbital emphysema
Orbital emphysema is the presence of gas within the orbital soft tissues. It is usually due to orbital fractures communicating with the paranasal sinuses but can be caused by penetrating trauma and infection. It is a common finding also after orbital or ocular surgery.
Location
preseptal
pos...
Article
Brock model for pulmonary nodules
The Brock model, also known as the PanCan model, is a multivariable model that estimates the risk that a pulmonary nodule on CT scan is lung cancer.
The model was developed from participants enrolled in the Pan-Canadian Early Detection of Lung Cancer Study 1, has been validated in lung cancer s...
Article
Drowning (postmortem findings)
Drowning is one of the most prevalent causes of non-natural death with typical postmortem imaging findings. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 360,000 annual deaths occur due to drowning.
This article concerns itself with postmortem appearances in fatalities from dro...
Article
Ritalin lung
Ritalin lung (a.k.a. methylphenidate lung) describes pulmonary changes induced by the illicit injection of talc-containing methylphenidate, the most commonly known brand being Ritalin, although many brand names are used globally.
Epidemiology
Methylphenidate is prescribed primarily for attenti...
Article
Cutis laxa
Cutis laxa is a rare dermatological condition, characterized by elastic fiber loss, resulting in very lax skin. Patients can also develop emphysema.
Pathology
Cutis laxa may be inherited (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive) or may occur sporadically.
Associations
...
Article
Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases
Smoking-related interstitial lung disease (SR-ILD) refers to a subgroup of interstitial lung diseases that fall under smoking-related lung disease. Conditions that can fall into this group include.
respiratory bronchiolitis (RB)
respiratory bronchiolitis ILD (RB-ILD)
desquamative interstitial...
Article
Stove-in chest
A stove-in chest is a rare and complex type of flail chest injury where the flail segment collapses into the chest. It is usually due to severe blunt trauma to the chest wall and is rarely encountered in imaging or emergency medicine due to the high mortality at the scene. It may evolve over day...
Article
Charcot-Leyden crystals
Charcot-Leyden crystals consist of collections of bipyramidal crystalloid made up of eosinophilic membrane proteins, which occur in:
asthma
other eosinophilic lung disease 2
certain cases of sinusitis (e.g. allergic fungal sinusitis)
They may be detected in the sputum or sinus secretions wi...
Article
Seymour fracture
The Seymour fracture is a clinically important subtype of mallet finger type injury. The Seymour fracture is comprised of a distal phalanx physeal fracture that has an associated nail bed injury commonly with ungual subluxation.
Clinical presentation
The skeletally-immature patient presents wi...
Article
Musculoskeletal x-ray: ABCDE (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Musculoskeletal x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors, and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for musculoskeletal x-ray review:
A: anat...
Article
Bronchorrhea
Bronchorrhea is the expectoration of copious amounts of mucus from the lungs. It has been defined as production of more than 100 mL of mucus in 24 hours, which is more than is usually seen in chronic lung disease (e.g. chronic bronchitis typically produces 25 mL/24 hrs) 2. It may be a feature of...
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