Posterior shoulder dislocation
Updates to Article Attributes
Posterior shoulder dislocationdislocations are far less common than an anterior shoulder dislocationdislocations and can be tricky to identify if only AP projections are obtained.
Epidemiology
Posterior shoulder dislocations account for only 2-4% of all shoulder dislocations (the vast majority are anterior) 1,3.
Mechanism
Typically the humeral head is forced posteriorly in an internal rotation while the arm is abducted 1,3. In adults, convulsive disorder isdisorders are the most common cause. Electrocution is a classic but uncommon cause of posterior shoulder dislocation. In both situations, bilateral dislocations are not infrequent 1-3.
Occasionally, they can be the result of strength imbalance within the rotator cuff muscles. Posterior dislocations may even go unnoticed, especially in elderly patients 1.
Radiographic features
Plain film series usually suffices in making the diagnosis, although cross-sectional imaging (CT / or MRI) is often used to assess for the presence and extent of articular surface injury (reverse Hill-Sachs lesion), glenoid injury (reverse Bankart lesion) or ligamentous injury.
Plain radiograph
posteriorPosterior dislocation may be missed initially on frontal radiographs in 50% of cases, as the humeral head appears to be almost normally aligned with the glenoid 1-2. An axillary view is thea preferred view for diagnosis. A Velpeau or Wallace view is an alternative 5. A scapular Y view has been shown to be unreliable for diagnosing posterior shoulder dislocations 4.
- absence of external rotation on images in a standard shoulder series is a clue
- lightbulb sign: internally rotated humeral head takes on a rounded appearance2
-
trough line sign: dense vertical
denseline in the medial humeral head - loss of normal half-moon overlap sign
- rim sign: widened glenohumeral joint > 6 mm
- acute angle of the scapulohumeral arch (Moloney's arch) is also present and can be used to distinguish from anterior dislocation
A number ofSome associated injuries are recognised, including 2:
- reverse Hill-Sachs lesion
- reverse Bankart lesion
-
proximal humeral fractures
- in particular fracture of the anatomical neck and/or lesser tuberosity 6
- posterior HAGL lesion
- posterior labrocapsular periosteal sleeve avulsion (POLPSA lesions)
Reporting checklist
In addition to stating that a posterior dislocation is present, any evidence of proximal humeral fractures or glenoid fractures should be sought and commented upon.
Treatment and prognosis
In most cases, acute posterior dislocations have spontaneously reduced prior to imaging 3.
When a posterior dislocation presents to the emergency department, unlike anterior shoulder dislocations which are relatively easily reduced, posterior dislocations are more problematic and attempts at closed reduction should only be performed in consultation with a treating orthopaedic surgeon 2. Additionally, if the shoulder has been dislocated for 3 or more weeks (particularly common in debilitated elderly debilitated patients) or if the anterior humeral articular injury (reverse Hill-Sachs lesion) involves more than 20% of the articular surface, then the closed reduction is contraindicated 2.
Fortunately, neurovascular compromise is uncommon, but associated glenolabral and capsular injuries can lead to posterior shoulder instability 2-3.
Differential diagnosis
-
shoulder pseudodislocation: on AP projection an inferiorly
subluxedsubluxated humeral head can mimic a posterior shoulder dislocation
See also
-<p><strong>Posterior shoulder dislocation</strong> are far less common than an <a href="/articles/anterior-shoulder-dislocation">anterior shoulder dislocation</a> and can be tricky to identify if only AP projections are obtained. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Posterior shoulder dislocations account for only 2-4% of all <a href="/articles/shoulder-dislocation">shoulder dislocations</a> (the vast majority are anterior) <sup>1,3</sup>. </p><h4>Mechanism</h4><p>Typically the humeral head is forced posteriorly in internal rotation while the arm is abducted <sup>1,3</sup>. In adults, convulsive disorder is the most common cause. Electrocution is a classic but uncommon cause of posterior shoulder dislocation. In both situations bilateral dislocations are not infrequent <sup>1-3</sup>.</p><p>Occasionally, they can be the result of strength imbalance within the <a href="/articles/peroneus-brevis-1">rotator cuff muscles</a>. Posterior dislocations may even go unnoticed, especially in elderly patients <sup>1</sup>. </p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><p>A <a title="Shoulder series" href="/articles/shoulder-series">plain film series</a> usually suffices in making the diagnosis, although cross-sectional imaging (CT / MRI) is often used to assess for the presence and extent of articular surface injury (<a href="/articles/reverse-hill-sachs-lesion-1">reverse Hill-Sachs lesion</a>), glenoid injury (<a href="/articles/reverse-bankart-lesion-1">reverse Bankart lesion</a>) or ligamentous injury.</p><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><p>posterior dislocation may be missed initially on frontal radiographs in 50% of cases, as the humeral head appears to be almost normally aligned with the glenoid <sup>1-2</sup>. An axillary view is the preferred view for diagnosis. A Velpeau or Wallace view is an alternative <sup>5</sup>. A scapular Y view has been shown to be unreliable for diagnosing posterior shoulder dislocations <sup>4</sup>.</p><ul>- +<p><strong>Posterior shoulder dislocations</strong> are far less common than <a href="/articles/anterior-shoulder-dislocation">anterior shoulder dislocations</a> and can be tricky to identify if only AP projections are obtained. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Posterior shoulder dislocations account for only 2-4% of all <a href="/articles/shoulder-dislocation">shoulder dislocations</a> (the vast majority are anterior) <sup>1,3</sup>. </p><h4>Mechanism</h4><p>Typically the humeral head is forced posteriorly in an internal rotation while the arm is abducted <sup>1,3</sup>. In adults, convulsive disorders are the most common cause. Electrocution is a classic but uncommon cause of posterior shoulder dislocation. In both situations, bilateral dislocations are not infrequent <sup>1-3</sup>.</p><p>Occasionally, they can be the result of strength imbalance within the <a href="/articles/peroneus-brevis-1">rotator cuff muscles</a>. Posterior dislocations may even go unnoticed, especially in elderly patients <sup>1</sup>. </p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><p><a href="/articles/shoulder-series">Plain film series</a> usually suffices in making the diagnosis, although cross-sectional imaging (CT or MRI) is often used to assess the presence and extent of articular surface injury (<a href="/articles/reverse-hill-sachs-lesion-1">reverse Hill-Sachs lesion</a>), glenoid injury (<a href="/articles/reverse-bankart-lesion-1">reverse Bankart lesion</a>) or ligamentous injury.</p><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><p>Posterior dislocation may be missed initially on frontal radiographs in 50% of cases, as the humeral head appears to be almost normally aligned with the glenoid <sup>1-2</sup>. An axillary view is a preferred view for diagnosis. A Velpeau or Wallace view is an alternative <sup>5</sup>. A scapular Y view has been shown to be unreliable for diagnosing posterior shoulder dislocations <sup>4</sup>.</p><ul>
-<a href="/articles/trough-line-sign">trough line sign</a>: vertical dense line in medial humeral head</li>- +<a href="/articles/trough-line-sign">trough line sign</a>: dense vertical line in the medial humeral head</li>
-</ul><p>A number of associated injuries are recognised including <sup>2</sup>:</p><ul>- +</ul><p>Some associated injuries are recognised, including <sup>2</sup>:</p><ul>
-</ul><h6>Reporting checklist</h6><p>In addition to stating that a posterior dislocation is present, any evidence of proximal humeral fractures or glenoid fractures should be sought and commented upon. </p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>In most cases, acute posterior dislocations have spontaneously reduced prior to imaging <sup>3</sup>. </p><p>When a posterior dislocation presents to the emergency department, unlike anterior shoulder dislocations which are relatively easily reduced, posterior dislocations are more problematic and attempts at <a href="/articles/closed-reduction">closed reduction</a> should only be performed in consultation with a treating orthopaedic surgeon <sup>2</sup>. Additionally if the shoulder has been dislocated for 3 or more weeks (particularly common in elderly debilitated patients) or if the anterior humeral articular injury (reverse Hill-Sachs lesion) involves more than 20% of the articular surface, then closed reduction is contraindicated <sup>2</sup>. </p><p>Fortunately neurovascular compromise is uncommon, but associated glenolabral and capsular injuries can lead to posterior <a href="/articles/shoulder-instability">shoulder instability</a> <sup>2-3</sup>. </p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><ul><li>-<a href="/articles/pseudodislocation-of-the-shoulder">shoulder pseudodislocation</a>: on AP projection an inferiorly subluxed humeral head can mimic a posterior shoulder dislocation</li></ul><h4>See also</h4><ul><li>- +</ul><h6>Reporting checklist</h6><p>In addition to stating that a posterior dislocation is present, any evidence of proximal humeral fractures or glenoid fractures should be sought and commented. </p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>In most cases, acute posterior dislocations have spontaneously reduced prior to imaging <sup>3</sup>. </p><p>When a posterior dislocation presents to the emergency department, unlike anterior shoulder dislocations which are relatively easily reduced, posterior dislocations are more problematic and attempts at <a href="/articles/closed-reduction">closed reduction</a> should only be performed in consultation with a treating orthopaedic surgeon <sup>2</sup>. Additionally, if the shoulder has been dislocated for 3 or more weeks (particularly common in debilitated elderly patients) or if the anterior humeral articular injury (reverse Hill-Sachs lesion) involves more than 20% of the articular surface, then the closed reduction is contraindicated <sup>2</sup>. </p><p>Fortunately, neurovascular compromise is uncommon, but associated glenolabral and capsular injuries can lead to posterior <a href="/articles/shoulder-instability">shoulder instability</a> <sup>2-3</sup>. </p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><ul><li>
- +<a href="/articles/pseudodislocation-of-the-shoulder">shoulder pseudodislocation</a>: on AP projection an inferiorly subluxated humeral head can mimic a posterior shoulder dislocation</li></ul><h4>See also</h4><ul><li>
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