Schmorl nodes

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Schmorl nodes, also referred as intravertebral disc herniations,refer to protrusions of the cartilage of the intervertebral disc through the vertebral body endplate and into the adjacent vertebra. The protrusions may contact the marrow of the vertebra, leading to inflammation.

Epidemiology

Quiescent Schmorl nodes are extremely common found in around 75% of autopsies, at all ages, more frequently in males ⁹.

Clinical presentation

Chronic Schmorl nodes are usually asymptomatic, and their aetiological significance for back pain is controversial. Acute Schmorl nodes, in contrast, are uncommon and are associated with inflammation and symptoms ⁹.

Schmorl nodes are among the diagnostic criteria of Scheuermann disease ⁶. A limbus vertebra is closely related to a Schmorl node as well.

Pathology

It is believed that Schmorl nodes develop following back trauma, although this is incompletely understood. A more recent study suggests nucleus pulposus pressure on the weakest part of the end plate or vertebral development process during early life as possible explanation ⁷.

Radiographic features

In the acute stage, Schmorl nodes can be difficult to diagnose on plain radiography or detect due to sclerosis around the margin of the herniation not having had time to develop.

Plain radiograph

Usually, they are small nodular lucent lesions involving the inferior endplate of lower thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies. However, the involvement of both the inferior and the superior endplates is not uncommon. A sclerotic margin may be present.

CT

Schmorl nodes are better identified on CT images, showing the same pattern observed on radiographs.

MRI

Schmorl nodes are best seen on the sagittal sequences and usually exhibit the same signal characteristics as the adjacent disc, with a thin rim of sclerosis at the margins.

Acute herniation can appear more aggressive with surrounding bone marrow oedema and peripheral enhancement ⁹. The gas extrusion sign may be present which refers to hypointensity in the intervertebral disc space across all pulse sequences ¹⁰. These acute features evolve gradually over months but may take over a year ^9,10.

FDG-PET

Acute Schmorl nodes have been reported to be FDG-PET avid ⁹.

History and etymology

It is named after Christian Georg Schmorl(1861-1932), a German pathologist who first described them in 1927 ⁹.

Differential diagnosis

For chronic Schmorl nodes, there ~~is little differential~~are few differentials as they have characteristic appearances.~~Acute herniation~~For acute Schmorl nodes consider:

spondylodiscitis
- however compared with infection, ~~on the other hand~~acute Schmorl nodes will have more focal endplate changes, ~~needs to be distinguished from~~ ~~discitis osteomyelitis~~no fever, and no epidural or prevertebral phlegmonous changes ¹⁰
malignancy ⁹.

-<p><strong>Schmorl nodes</strong>, also referred as <strong>intravertebral disc herniations</strong>,<strong> </strong>refer to protrusions of the cartilage of the <a href="/articles/intervertebral-disc">intervertebral disc</a> through the vertebral body endplate and into the adjacent <a href="/articles/vertebra">vertebra</a>. The protrusions may contact the <a href="/articles/bone-marrow">marrow</a> of the vertebra, leading to inflammation.</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Quiescent Schmorl nodes are extremely common found in around 75% of autopsies, at all ages, more frequently in males <sup>9</sup>. </p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Chronic Schmorl nodes are usually asymptomatic, and their aetiological significance for back pain is controversial. Acute Schmorl nodes, in contrast, are uncommon and are associated with inflammation and symptoms <sup>9</sup>.</p><p>Schmorl nodes are among the diagnostic criteria of <a href="/articles/scheuermann-disease-2">Scheuermann disease</a> <sup>6</sup>. A <a href="/articles/limbus-vertebra">limbus vertebra</a> is closely related to a Schmorl node as well.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>It is believed that Schmorl nodes develop following back trauma, although this is incompletely understood. A more recent study suggests <a href="/articles/nucleus-pulposus">nucleus pulposus</a> pressure on the weakest part of the end plate or vertebral development process during early life as possible explanation <sup>7</sup>.</p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><p>In the acute stage, Schmorl nodes can be difficult to diagnose on plain radiography or detect due to sclerosis around the margin of the herniation not having had time to develop.</p><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><p>Usually, they are small nodular lucent lesions involving the inferior endplate of lower thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies. However, the involvement of both the inferior and the superior endplates is not uncommon. A sclerotic margin may be present.</p><h5>CT</h5><p>Schmorl nodes are better identified on CT images, showing the same pattern observed on radiographs.</p><h5>MRI</h5><p>Schmorl nodes are best seen on the sagittal sequences and usually exhibit the same signal characteristics as the adjacent disc, with a thin rim of sclerosis at the margins.</p><p>Acute herniation can appear more aggressive with surrounding bone marrow oedema and peripheral enhancement <sup>9</sup>. These acute features evolve gradually over months <sup>9</sup>.</p><h5>FDG-PET</h5><p>Acute Schmorl nodes have been reported to be FDG-PET avid <sup>9</sup>.</p><h4>History and etymology</h4><p>It is named after <strong>Christian Georg Schmorl</strong><strong> </strong>(1861-1932), a German pathologist who first described them in 1927 <sup>9</sup>.</p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>For chronic Schmorl nodes, there is little differential as they have characteristic appearances.<br><br>Acute herniation, on the other hand, needs to be distinguished from <a href="/articles/spondylodiscitis">discitis osteomyelitis</a> and malignancy <sup>9</sup>.</p>
+<p><strong>Schmorl nodes</strong>, also referred as <strong>intravertebral disc herniations</strong>,<strong> </strong>refer to protrusions of the cartilage of the <a href="/articles/intervertebral-disc">intervertebral disc</a> through the vertebral body endplate and into the adjacent <a href="/articles/vertebra">vertebra</a>. The protrusions may contact the <a href="/articles/bone-marrow">marrow</a> of the vertebra, leading to inflammation.</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Quiescent Schmorl nodes are extremely common found in around 75% of autopsies, at all ages, more frequently in males <sup>9</sup>. </p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Chronic Schmorl nodes are usually asymptomatic, and their aetiological significance for back pain is controversial. Acute Schmorl nodes, in contrast, are uncommon and are associated with inflammation and symptoms <sup>9</sup>.</p><p>Schmorl nodes are among the diagnostic criteria of <a href="/articles/scheuermann-disease-2">Scheuermann disease</a> <sup>6</sup>. A <a href="/articles/limbus-vertebra">limbus vertebra</a> is closely related to a Schmorl node as well.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>It is believed that Schmorl nodes develop following back trauma, although this is incompletely understood. A more recent study suggests <a href="/articles/nucleus-pulposus">nucleus pulposus</a> pressure on the weakest part of the end plate or vertebral development process during early life as possible explanation <sup>7</sup>.</p><h4>Radiographic features</h4><p>In the acute stage, Schmorl nodes can be difficult to diagnose on plain radiography or detect due to sclerosis around the margin of the herniation not having had time to develop.</p><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><p>Usually, they are small nodular lucent lesions involving the inferior endplate of lower thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies. However, the involvement of both the inferior and the superior endplates is not uncommon. A sclerotic margin may be present.</p><h5>CT</h5><p>Schmorl nodes are better identified on CT images, showing the same pattern observed on radiographs.</p><h5>MRI</h5><p>Schmorl nodes are best seen on the sagittal sequences and usually exhibit the same signal characteristics as the adjacent disc, with a thin rim of sclerosis at the margins.</p><p>Acute herniation can appear more aggressive with surrounding bone marrow oedema and peripheral enhancement <sup>9</sup>. The gas extrusion sign may be present which refers to hypointensity in the intervertebral disc space across all pulse sequences <sup>10</sup>. These acute features evolve gradually over months but may take over a year <sup>9,10</sup>.</p><h5>FDG-PET</h5><p>Acute Schmorl nodes have been reported to be FDG-PET avid <sup>9</sup>.</p><h4>History and etymology</h4><p>It is named after <strong>Christian Georg Schmorl</strong><strong> </strong>(1861-1932), a German pathologist who first described them in 1927 <sup>9</sup>.</p><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>For chronic Schmorl nodes, there are few differentials as they have characteristic appearances.<br><br>For acute Schmorl nodes consider:</p><ul>
+<li>
+<a title="Spondylodiscitis" href="/articles/spondylodiscitis">spondylodiscitis</a><ul><li>however compared with infection, acute Schmorl nodes will have more focal endplate changes, no fever, and no epidural or prevertebral phlegmonous changes <sup>10</sup>
+</li></ul>
+</li>
+<li>malignancy <sup>9</sup>
+</li>
+</ul>

References changed:

10. Laur O, Mandell J, Titelbaum D, Cho C, Smith S, Khurana B. Acute Nontraumatic Back Pain: Infections and Mimics. Radiographics. 2019;39(1):287-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2019180077">doi:10.1148/rg.2019180077</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30620695">Pubmed</a>

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