Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,925 results
Article
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas (MCS) are rare highly malignant chondrosarcomas with a biphasic morphology of a primitive mesenchymal tumor and a well-differentiated cartilaginous component.
Epidemiology
Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas are rare tumors and make up for ~2-4% of all chondrosarcomas 1. Th...
Article
Osteochondroma
Osteochondromas are a relatively common imaging finding, accounting for 10-15% of all bone tumors and ~35% of all benign bone tumors. Although usually thought of as a benign bone tumor, they may be thought of as a developmental anomaly. They are frequently asymptomatic and have very low malignan...
Article
Boston criteria 2.0 for cerebral amyloid angiopathy
The Boston criteria 2.0 were proposed in 2022 in order to better include leptomeningeal and white matter characteristics into the diagnoses of probable and possible cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) 1. They consist of combined clinical, imaging and pathological parameters, and are based upon the...
Article
Primary synovial chondromatosis
Primary synovial chondromatosis (also known as Reichel syndrome or Reichel-Jones-Henderson syndrome), is a benign monoarticular disorder of unknown origin that is characterized by synovial metaplasia and proliferation resulting in multiple intra-articular cartilaginous loose bodies of relatively...
Article
Acute flaccid myelitis
Acute flaccid myelitis is an uncommon cause of acute flaccid paralysis similar to poliomyelitis, primarily affecting children and usually seen following a respiratory viral illness.
Epidemiology
Acute flaccid myelitis primarily affects children. Cases appear to be temporally related to respi...
Article
Juxtacortical chondroma
Juxtacortical chondromas, also known as periosteal chondromas, are rare benign chondral tumors that arise from the periosteum of tubular bones. They are thought to account for ~2% of benign bone tumors.
Epidemiology
They tend to present around the 2nd to 4th decades. There is a recognized male...
Article
Evaluation of recurrent bone tumors
Recurrent bone tumors are a common complication post curettage or resection.
Radiographic features
Radiographs taken pre- and postoperatively are sufficient for evaluation of recurrence based on the following features:
osteolytic changes
cortical changes
matrix mineralization (characteristi...
Article
Prion diseases
Prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are caused by the accumulation of dysmorphic proteins named prions, and are characterized by progressive neurological decline and eventual death.
In humans, prion diseases include:
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sporadic, var...
Article
Pulvinar sign (CNS)
The pulvinar sign refers to bilateral FLAIR hyperintensities involving the pulvinar thalamic nuclei 1,2. It is classically described in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and is part of the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for this condition 2.
The pulvinar sign may also be describe...
Article
Chondrosarcoma of the skull base
Chondrosarcomas of the base of the skull are rare compared with other skull base tumors but are an important differential diagnosis as surgical resection and management are affected by the preoperative diagnosis.
Epidemiology
Chondrosarcomas of the base of the skull make up only a small fracti...
Article
Duct of Rivinus
The duct of Rivinus, also known as the minor sublingual duct, drains saliva from the sublingual gland into the floor of the mouth.
Despite its name, it is not a single duct, but numerous small ducts, all of which open into the floor of the mouth and are collectively termed the duct of Rivinus.
...
Article
Longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesion
Longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions (LESCL), also known as longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), represent extensive involvement of the spinal cord, with abnormal T2 signal traversing at least three vertebral body segments in length.
Pathology
There are many potential c...
Article
Hockey stick sign (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)
The hockey stick sign is an MRI imaging feature most commonly associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. It describes the combination of the pulvinar sign (forming the blade/head of the stick) along with involvement of the medial thalamus (forming the shaft).
A similar appearance can be seen in...
Article
Ageusia
Ageusia refers to a complete loss of taste. In instances where it is partial it is then falls under the spectrum of the conditions such as
hypogeusia (decreased sensitivity to all tastants)
hyperguesia (enhanced gustatory sensitivity)
dysgeusia (unpleasant perception of a tastant) and
phanto...
Article
Aquaporin
Aquaporin is a family of transmembrane water channels found throughout the body of both humans and many other species, facilitating the passage of water, cations and gases 1.
At least thirteen types of aquaporin have been described, and these are variably expressed.
Aquaporin-4
Aquaporin-4 (...
Article
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe demyelinating diseases, which in seropositive cases, is caused by an autoantibody to the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel. The classic presentation of NMOSD is with the triad of optic neuritis, longitudinally extensive myelitis, and posi...
Article
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an autosomal dominant microvasculopathy characterized by recurrent lacunar and subcortical white matter ischemic strokes and vascular dementia in young and middle age patients without known va...
Article
Talar neck fracture
Talar neck fractures extend through the thinnest cross-sectional portion of the talus, just proximal to the talar head. They represent one of the most common types of talus fracture (~30-50%), along with chip and avulsion fractures of the talus (~40-49%). These fractures are commonly associated ...
Article
Ankle radiograph (checklist)
The ankle radiograph checklist is just one of the many pathology checklists that can be used when reporting to ensure that you always actively exclude pathology that is commonly missed; this is particularly helpful in the examination setting, e.g. the FRCR 2B rapid-reporting.
Radiograph
The ma...
Article
Enchondromatosis
Enchondromatosis, also known as Ollier disease (see Terminology section), is a non-hereditary, sporadic, skeletal disorder characterized by multiple enchondromas principally located in the metaphyseal regions.
Terminology
Some authors make a distinction between Ollier disease and enchondromato...
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