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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Ecchordosis physaliphora

Ecchordosis physaliphora is a congenital benign hamartomatous lesion derived from notochord remnants, usually located in the retroclival prepontine region, but can be found anywhere from the skull base to the sacrum. Terminology There has been some controversy as to whether intradural chordom...

Cysticercosis

Cysticercosis is a parasitic tissue infection caused by ingestion of tapeworm eggs through a fecal-oral transmission or auto-infection. Humans act as a definitive host in this disease. CNS manifestations are discussed individually on neurocysticercosis. Epidemiology The disease is endemic in ...

Lymphangitic carcinomatosis

Lymphangitic carcinomatosis, or lymphangitis carcinomatosa, is the term given to tumor spread through the lymphatics of the lung and is most commonly seen secondary to adenocarcinoma. Epidemiology The demographics will reflect that of the underlying malignancy (see below). Clinical presentati...

Acetabular index

The acetabular index, also known as the acetabular roof angle or Tönnis angle, is a radiographic measurement of acetabular roof inclination. It is useful in assessing for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) as well as pincer morphology in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Measurement Th...

Image preparation

Image preparation is a very important part of Radiopaedia.org, and we aim for high-quality images and uniformity across the site. As always, patient anonymity is essential, and any images with patient details included will be removed, and cases will usually be deleted. Images Quality Radiolog...

Uploading DICOM images to Radiopaedia

Uploading DICOM images to Radiopaedia is possible through the case creation page with full client-side anonymisation. Here is what occurs: drag and drop: drag and drop the DICOM folder into the case upload area (this will not be uploaded at this stage) anonymisation: the files will be proce...

Pelviureteric junction obstruction

Pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction/stenosis, also known as ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction/stenosis, can be one of the causes of obstructive uropathy. It can be congenital or acquired with a congenital pelviureteric junction obstruction being one of the commonest causes of antenat...

Extrarenal pelvis

Extrarenal pelvis refers to the presence of the renal pelvis outside the confines of the renal hilum; it is a normal anatomic variant. Epidemiology It is found in ~10% of the population 2. Radiographic features Ultrasound An extrarenal pelvis usually appears dilated, erroneously suggesting...

International panel for NMO diagnosis criteria

The 2015 International Panel for NMO Diagnosis criteria is, as the name implies, a set of criteria used to diagnose neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) 1. They are based on a combination of clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging findings. Criteria Diagnostic criteria for NMOSD with ...

Primary mitochondrial disorders

Primary mitochondrial disorders (PMDs) are a clinically heterogeneous group of conditions caused by pathologic variants in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA). There are many conditions that result from mitochondrial dysfunction that affect the neurological, muscular and other bodil...

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial genetic disorder characterized by bilateral, progressive, central vision loss secondary to loss of the retinal ganglionic cell layer 1,2. It is considered the most common mitochondrial disorder caused by mutation to mitochondrial DNA (m...

Inguinal hernia

Inguinal hernias (herniae also used) is the type of groin herniation (part of the larger group of abdominal wall hernias) that occurs above the inguinal ligament and through the inguinal canal. Epidemiology Inguinal hernias are the commonest type of abdominal wall hernias (up to 80% 3) and are...

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), as the name would suggest, is featured by a monophasic acute inflammation and demyelination of white matter typically following a recent (1-2 weeks prior) viral infection or vaccination 4,6. Grey matter is also involved, albeit to a lesser extent, as ...

Tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis (TS), also known as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) or Bourneville disease, is a phakomatosis (neurocutaneous disorder) characterized by the development of multiple benign tumors of the embryonic ectoderm (e.g. skin, eyes, and nervous system). Epidemiology Tuberous sclerosi...

Myoclonic epilepsy with red ragged fibers (MERRF)

Myoclonic epilepsy with red ragged fibers (MERRF) is a rare multisystem mitochondrial disorder. Clinical presentation Patients usually present in late adolescence or early adulthood. The clinical presentation can be highly variable, including 1-4: epilepsy, typically with myoclonic seizures b...

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is one of many mitochondrial disorders. As mitochondria, which have their own DNA, are exclusively passed on from the mother, these disorders are only maternally inherited. On imaging, it manifests as multifoc...

Magnetic resonance lymphangiography

Magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL) is an imaging technique used to visualize and map the lymphatic vessels. The technique is used for treatment planning in supermicrosurgical procedures, including lymphaticovenous anastomosis, lymphaticolymphatic bypass and vascularized lymph node transfe...

Buford complex

Buford complex is a congenital glenoid labrum variant where the anterosuperior labrum is absent in the 1-3 o'clock position and the middle glenohumeral ligament is thickened (cord-like). It originates directly from the superior labrum adjacent to the bicipital labral complex and inserts onto the...

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a type of heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction (left heart failure) classified by a left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction occurs when the left ventricle is unable to con...

Bladder inflammatory pseudotumor

Bladder inflammatory pseudotumor or pseudosarcomatous fibromyxoid tumor is a benign cause of bladder wall thickening that may be mistaken for malignancy. Epidemiology This entity is more common in adults, with a mean age at diagnosis of 38 years. Clinical presentation Patients present most ...

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