Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
69 results
Article
HIV/AIDS (genitourinary manifestations)
Genitourinary manifestations of HIV/AIDS are protean and can be divided into:
HIV-associated nephropathy
renal diseases related to opportunistic infections: CMV, tuberculosis and MAC infections, fungal infections, pneumocystis carinii infection
drug-related renal diseases:
indinavir-induced ...
Article
Ureteral calcification
Ureteral calcification refers to the presence of calcium concretions within the ureteral lumen or wall.
Common
ureteric calculi
Uncommon
neoplastic 3
transitional cell carcinoma
hemangioma
papilloma
infections
tuberculosis 1
schistosomiasis of the urinary tract
iatrogenic
radiation u...
Article
Prostate cystic disease
Prostate cystic disease encompasses a wide variety of pathologies that all result in cyst formation within the prostate.
Epidemiology
Prostatic cysts are common, and ~5-8% men will develop one 4,7. However they are much more common in patients being investigated for infertility, with one study...
Article
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the urogenital system
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) of the urogenital system are rare benign lesions, and just a few cases are reported with spermatic cord, scrotal and penile origins 1.
Please refer to the article on inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors for a broad discussion.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Urinary bladder diverticula (causes)
There are numerous causes of urinary bladder diverticula:
Primary (congenital or idiopathic)
Hutch diverticulum (in paraureteral region)
Secondary
bladder outlet obstruction
bladder neck stenosis
neurogenic bladder
posterior urethral valve
prostatic enlargement (hypertrophy; carcinoma)
...
Article
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis (plural: hydronephroses) is defined as dilatation of the urinary collecting system of the kidney (the calyces, the infundibula, and the pelvis) 1.
Hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns has specific causes that are covered in a separate article.
Terminology
The term hydroureter...
Article
Paratesticular lesions
Paratesticular lesions have a long list of differential diagnoses:
neoplastic
benign
epididymal cyst (most common epididymal mass)
scrotal tunica cysts
tunica vaginalis cyst
tunica albuginea cyst
spermatic cord lipoma
scrotal hemangioma: is often hypervascular on color Doppler, unlike ot...
Article
Extratesticular scrotal mass (differential)
Extratesticular scrotal masses (not arising from testis or epididymis) are mostly mesenchymal in origin and benign 1.
Differential diagnosis
Benign lesions
lipoma (most common)
leiomyoma of the scrotum
neurofibroma
granular cell tumor
angiomyofibroblastoma-like tumor
fibrous pseudotumor...
Article
Hypervascular retroperitoneal lesions
Hypervascular retroperitoneal lesions are findings that enhance avidly in the late arterial phase with or without washout in the portal venous and delayed phases, on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI.
Differential diagnosis
Early enhancement with slow washout
sympathetic paragangliomas
retroperito...
Article
Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis (plural: pyelonephritides) refers to an upper urinary (renal) tract infection with associated renal pelvis, renal calyceal and renal parenchymal inflammation, and comprises a heterogeneous group of conditions.
bacterial pyelonephritis
chronic pyelonephritis
renal tuberculosis
...
Article
Epididymal lesions
Epididymal lesions are most commonly encountered on ultrasonography. Most epididymal lesions are benign; malignant lesions are rare.
Benign solid lesions
adenomatoid tumor of the scrotum: most common epididymal mass 4
epididymal leiomyoma
papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis
sperm granul...
Article
HIV associated neoplasms
HIV-associated neoplasms are numerous and can be broadly divided into two groups:
AIDS-defining malignancies
associated but not AIDS defining malignancies
AIDS-defining malignancies
The development of these malignancies in HIV affected individuals generally implies progression to AIDS 4:
Ka...
Article
Bilateral testicular lesions
Bilateral testicular lesions have a relatively limited differential diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis
Neoplastic
lymphoblastic leukemia (acute or chronic)
lymphoma (non-Hodgkin's)
primary testicular lymphoma is rare but the testes are often the site of lymphoma/leukemia recurrence due to ...
Article
Urinary bladder cyst
Urinary bladder cysts are considered tumor-like lesions and true simple cysts arising from the bladder wall are extremely rare 1.
Pathology
Three types of cysts have been described 1:
urachal cysts: dome and anterior wall
cloacal cysts: posterior wall
simple cyst of the bladder wall (extre...
Article
Urinary bladder diverticulum
A urinary bladder diverticulum (plural: diverticula) is an outpouching from the bladder wall, whereby mucosa herniates through the bladder wall. It may be solitary or multiple in nature and can vary considerably in size.
Epidemiology
There are two peaks; one at 10 years and the other at 60-70 ...
Article
Extratesticular cystic lesions (differential)
The differential diagnosis for extratesticular cystic lesions includes:
hydrocele
epididymal cyst
spermatocele
hematoma
hematocele
loop of bowel from an inguinal hernia
abscess
pyocele
post-vasectomy
varicocele
Very rarely, a scrotal mesothelioma may present as a cystic mass.
Article
Loss of corticomedullary differentiation
A loss of corticomedullary differentiation is an imaging feature where renal cortex and medulla is no longer able to be seen as different structures.
Pathology
It can be detected usually by ultrasound or MRI (and in some instances on contrast CT) with a large number of variable pathological c...
Article
Medullary nephrocalcinosis
Renal medullary nephrocalcinosis is the commonest form of nephrocalcinosis and refers to the deposition of calcium salts in the medulla of the kidney. Due to the concentrating effects of the loops of Henle, and the biochemical milieu of the medulla, compared to the cortex, it is 20 times more co...
Article
Bilateral renal enlargement
Bilateral renal enlargement, also known as nephromegaly, can arise from many causes including 1,2:
Smooth enlargement
diabetic nephropathy (common)
acute pyelonephritis
renal involvement with lymphoma
acute interstitial nephritis
acute glomerulonephritis
acute urate nephropathy
vasculiti...
Article
Renal artery stenosis
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) (plural: stenoses) refers to a narrowing of a renal artery. When the process occurs slowly, it leads to secondary hypertension. Acute renal artery stenosis does not lead to hypersecretion of renin.
Pathology
When the stenosis occurs slowly, collateral vessels form a...
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