Ductal carcinoma in situ

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) refers to a breast carcinoma limited to the ducts with no extension beyond the basement membrane, as a result of which the disease has not infiltrated the parenchyma of the breast and the lymphatics and cannot therefore metastasise.

Epidemiology

The detection of DCIS has increased markedly in recent years secondary to the widespread use of screening mammography, and it now accounts for 25-40% of mammographically detected breast cancers ^1,3. It also accounts for approximately 15-20% of all detected breast cancers

Risk factors for DCIS are similar to those for invasive carcinoma and include:

• increasing age
• family history of breast cancer
• nulliparity
• age of 30 years or older at the birth of the first child

Clinical presentation

Although most patients are asymptomatic, some present with nipple-related disease (nipple discharge or Paget disease of the breast) or have palpable abnormalities.

Pathology

DCIS is the non-obligate precursor of infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). In the context of "over diagnosis" the low grade DCIS cases found on screening mammography are likely to cause to the number of cases where the diagnosis of breast malignancy has been made but could conceivably not have been fatal to the patient. Remember that to try and guess the grade of DCIS on the mammogram images is not plausible or reproducible. Low grade DCIS is not a dangerous disease and there is actually some thought on following the disease with MRI after a histological diagnosis has been made.

DCIS is not a single entity, but rather a spectrum of disease ³. In essence, it refers to breast epithelial cells that have become "cancerous" but still reside in their normal place in the ducts and lobules ¹⁰.

Markers

In some situations immunohistochemical staining for E-cadherin may help to differentiate from lobular carcinoma in situ.

Sub types

 The traditional classification broadly divided DICS lesions into two types mainly based on central necrosis, grade, and cell type: 

• comedo - large cell: more aggressive form; also referred to as comedocarcinoma
• non-comedo - small cell: less aggressive; can be further divided into
  • cribriform
  • micropapillary
  • papillary
  • solid

New pathologic classification of DCIS is based on nuclear atypia and degree of necrosis.

Associations

• up to 11% of predetermined DCIS on imaging may have an invasive component at the time a biopsy is done ²
• 20-25% of DCIS revealed on core biopsy may have invasive ductal carcinoma following surgical excision

Radiographic features

Mammography

There are varied mammographic manifestations of DCIS, with casting-type calcifications being the most common (present in 50-75% of cases ³). Other manifestations include a soft-tissue opacity either with or without associated calcifications.

Although DCIS calcifications may assume varied appearances, linear calcifications are more likely to be associated with comedo-type DCIS, while granular calcifications are more often correlated with non-comedo DCIS.

Occasionally DCIS appears as a simple mass or asymmetry without calcification (~8% of cases) ¹². 

There may be a significant discrepancy between the distribution of the disease as seen on the mammogram and the distribution of the disease on the pathology specimen of the breast as examined by the pathologist. In general, the calcification underestimates the distribution of DCIS in the breast, i.e. not all the DCIS calcifies.

Breast ultrasound

One of the benefits of identifying a corresponding sonographic abnormality in women with mammographically detected DCIS is to use ultrasound to guide interventional (e.g. biopsy/hookwire) procedures. A microlobulated mild hypoechoic mass with ductal extension and normal acoustic transmission is considered the most common feature in sonographically detected DCIS.

With good quality ultrasound and enough effort, it is possible in everyday practice to identify the DCIS process as it grows in the ductal system of the breast. It is quite possible to identify those minute wild and crazy calcifications of DCIS in the ducts itself and ultrasound guided biopsy of DCIS is now an everyday procedure.

Breast MRI

DCISs can present as "no mass enhancement",  "clustered ring enhancement", or a " mass or focus" on a contrast MRI. When enhanced, DCIS does not show a specific pattern and instead may be seen as a segmental or regional enhancement, branching and linear or mass enhancement with or without an irregular shape.

Treatment and prognosis

Treatment options for DCIS include mastectomy, lumpectomy with breast irradiation, or, for patients with small lesions (<1-2 cm) of low-grade DCIS, lumpectomy alone.

This disease is likely the precursor of IDC at a stage of the disease when the therapy is potentially curable. The advantage of diagnosis DCIS is that the chances of encountering metastatic disease are in theory zero when compared with IDC. With the introduction of screening mammography, the decreased mortality of breast carcinoma is in some part due to the identification of DCIS and effective therapy. In large screening programmes DCIS make up to 30% of malignancies diagnosed.

History and etymology

With the widespread use of screening mammography this disease is now commonly found before infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC)  develops ¹⁵. 

The historical background and current perspectives of DCIS need to acknowledge the role Roland Holland played in the process in the Netherlands ¹⁴.