Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,861 results found
Article
Articular-sided rotator cuff tear
Articular-sided rotator cuff tears are partial-thickness rotator cuff tears extending from the articular side into the rotator cuff.
Epidemiology
Articular-sided rotator cuff tears commonly occur in athletes with overhead activity 1.
They are more common than bursal-sided tears and most commo...
Article
COVID-19
For a quick reference guide, please see our COVID-19 summary article.
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a strain of coronavirus. The first cases were seen in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 before ...
Article
CT head (protocol)
CT head, also known as CT brain, refers to a computed tomography (CT) examination of the brain and surrounding cranial structures. It is most commonly performed as a non-contrast study, but the addition of a contrast-enhanced phase is performed for some indications.
This article covers non-cont...
Article
Occipital vertebra
Occipital vertebrae are rare anatomical variants that result from incomplete or aberrant fusion of occipital bone ossification centers. There is a broad spectrum of occipital vertebrae, the more common variants include:
third condyle (condylus tertius)
basilar process
prebasioccipital arch
p...
Article
Rotator cuff repair
Rotator cuff repair involves suturing the torn tendon(s) back onto its attachment to the humerus and may be performed either via arthroscopy or open surgery, using sutures and/or bone anchors.
Procedure
a suture is passed across the long limb of the tear from side to side, using a special inst...
Article
Angiolipoma
Angiolipomas are rare soft tissue tumors composed of mature adipocytes and vessels. They most commonly arise in the subcutaneous tissues of the extremities.
Please refer to the epidural (spinal) angiolipoma article for a specific discussion. The remainder of this article describes the general f...
Article
Candida esophagitis
Candida esophagitis is the most common cause of infectious esophagitis that commonly affects immunocompromised patients. On imaging, it is characterized by irregular plaque-like lesions separated by normal mucosa and small (<1 cm) ulcers, which are assessed on esophagogram studies.
Epidemiolo...
Article
F-18 DOPA
F-18 DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy-6-[18F]fluoro-L-phenylalanine) is a PET radiotracer primarily used in the evaluation of neuropsychiatric diseases, movement disorders, and brain malignancies 1.
Production
L-DOPA is the non-proteinogenic amino acid precursor to dopamine, with F-18 DOPA usually being s...
Article
Focal nodular hyperplasia
Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a regenerative mass lesion of the liver and the second most common benign liver lesion (the most common is a hemangioma). Many focal nodular hyperplasias have characteristic radiographic features on multimodality imaging, but some lesions may be atypical in app...
Article
Modality
Modality is the term used in radiology to refer to one form of imaging, e.g. CT. It is often used in the plural form, e.g. "various modalities can be employed to evaluate this liver lesion."
More generally, in clinical medicine, the term 'modality' refers to different types of procedures and th...
Article
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) involves the administration of intravenous contrast agents consisting of microbubbles/nanobubbles of gas.
Clinical applications
liver
hepatic metastasis
cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma
cholangiocarcinoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatic adenoma
focal no...
Article
Electrical impedance tomography
Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a type of imaging based on sending small amounts of electrical current across tissue (when used for medical imaging) and measuring conductivity.
Terminology
There are several ways in which the EIT signal can be generated and processed, and these are oft...
Article
Placental site trophoblastic tumor
Placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTT) are rare and one of the least common (~0.2% 7) forms of gestational trophoblastic disease.
Epidemiology
Placental site trophoblastic tumors typically occur in women of reproductive age with an average age of ~30 years. They may occur after a normal pr...
Article
Lipoma
Lipomas are benign tumors composed of mature adipocytes. They are the most common soft tissue tumor, seen in ~2% of the population.
Epidemiology
Patients typically present in adulthood (5th-7th decades).
Associations
In some cases, multiple lipomas are associated with syndromes and other di...
Article
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (skeletal manifestations)
The skeleton is the most commonly involved organ system in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and is by far the most common location for single-lesion LCH, often referred to as eosinophilic granuloma (EG) (the terms are used interchangeably in this article). For a general discussion of this dis...
Article
Alport syndrome
Alport syndrome is a hereditary disease characterized by progressive sensorineural hearing loss, renal disease and, at times, ocular lesions.
Clinical presentation
hematuria
sensorineural hearing loss: typically high frequency 2
ocular abnormalities
anterior lenticonus which may result in c...
Article
Amnestic syndrome of the subcallosal artery
Amnestic syndrome of the subcallosal artery describes an acute amnestic syndrome secondary to ischemic stroke affecting the subcallosal artery which leads to infarction of the bilateral fornices.
Epidemiology
The exact incidence of amnestic syndrome of the subcallosal artery is not known, but ...
Article
Human coronavirus
The human coronaviruses (hCoVs), members of the family Coronaviridae, are enveloped RNA viruses that affect humans, mammals and birds, causing both acute and chronic illnesses.
Four of the seven known human coronaviruses usually cause a mild coryzal illness only, these are HKU1, NL63, OC43, and...
Article
Intraperitoneal focal fat infarction
Intraperitoneal focal fat infarction (IFFI) refers to a group of self-limiting abdominal diseases where the primary insult is acute inflammation of intraperitoneal fat. They commonly mimic the more common causes of acute abdomen such as acute diverticulitis and acute appendicitis. The group incl...
Article
Fluoroscopic myelography
Fluoroscopic myelography is a technique that allows the visualization of the theca by the introduction of contrast medium into the CSF. This is usually accomplished by a lumbar puncture, or less commonly a suboccipital puncture.
The patient can then be tilted and rotated to cause the contrast, ...
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