Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
321 results found
Article
KRAS mutation
KRAS (shortened name for the gene Kirsten RAt Sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) mutations are associated in a number of malignancies including:
certain adenocarcinomas of the lung
colorectal carcinoma 1
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Several germline KRAS mutations have also been found to b...
Article
Eosinophil
Eosinophils, also less commonly known as acidophils, are myeloid granulocytes and form one of the main types of white blood cells. Their counts are routinely measured as part of a full blood count. They have important roles in fighting parasitic infections, but are increasingly recognized as hav...
Article
Platelets
Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are an essential constituent of the cellular component of blood. They play a key role in normal hemostasis. Normal platelet levels in adult patients are 150-400 x 109/L.
Physiology
Platelets are tiny (2-4 μm) cells that lack nuclei 1-3. They are mass prod...
Article
Thrombocytosis
Thrombocytosis (plural: thrombocytoses) is a general term and is defined as a rise in platelet count to over two standard deviations above the normal range. Its exact quantitative definition is variable, but generally equates to a platelet count greater than 400-450x109 cells/L.
Although there...
Article
Gene and protein notation
Correct usage of gene and protein notation has been laid down by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) and on Radiopaedia we have decided to reflect this official guidance.
In concordance with this standard scientific practice, gene symbols are italicized on Radiopaedia, but when the full...
Article
Immunity
The human body regularly encounters harmful micro-organisms, and because of this it has developed a system of defenses to help identify and eliminate infective pathogens in the body, known as immunity, executed by the immune system. This system also contributes to antioncogenic mechanisms.
Type...
Article
Embolism
Embolism describes intravascular material that is carried from its original location downstream to a distant area. The most common type of embolism is that which is derived from a thrombus, such as in the case of pulmonary embolism or stroke.
Types of embolism
thromboembolism
gas embolism
am...
Article
Inflammatory markers
The inflammatory markers are a disparate set of biomarkers that are used clinically to assess a patient for:
presence/absence of an active inflammatory disease process
activity of a known disease
Possible disease processes may include infective, malignant and autoimmune diseases, although it ...
Article
Copper
Copper (chemical symbol Cu) is one of the trace elements. It has an important biological role as a redox agent and as a cofactor in cuproproteins, facilitating many vital metabolic reactions.
Chemistry
Basic chemistry
Copper is a transition metal with the atomic number 29 and an atomic weight...
Article
Oxygen
Oxygen (chemical symbol O) is one of the basic organic elements, and is a constituent of most of the known organic molecules - and therefore all lifeforms - on earth.
Chemistry
Basic chemistry
Oxygen is a colourless odorless diatomic gas with an atomic number 8 and atomic weight 15.999. It h...
Article
Iodine
Iodine (chemical symbol I) is one of the trace elements. Its biological importance is its central place in the physiology of the thyroid gland and, in radiology, as the key chemical constituent of most of the radiographic, fluoroscopic, and CT contrast media.
Chemistry
Basic chemistry
Iodine ...
Article
Hypersensitivity reaction
Hypersensitivity reactions are the immunological response to both exogenous and endogenous antigens, and form the basis for many diseases.
Pathology
Classification
Using the Gell and Coombs' classification, there are four types of hypersensitivity reactions, each mediated by a different mech...
Article
Homer Wright rosettes
Homer Wright rosettes are differentiated tumor cells grouped around a central region containing neuropil (therefore its association with tumors of neuronal origin).
Pathology
Examples of tumors where these can be seen include:
medulloblastoma (the presence of Homer Wright rosettes in a poster...
Article
Streptococcus anginosus group
The Streptococcus anginosus group (also part of the Streptococcus milleri group) comprise a subgroup of viridans streptococci which are gram-positive, catalase-negative bacteria.
There are three distinct main streptococcal species and several subspecies:
S. anginosus: has two subspecies
S. an...
Article
Aspergillus clavatus
Aspergillus clavatus is one of the species of Aspergillus that can cause pathology in humans. It is allergenic and causes a hypersensitivity pneumonitis called malt-workers lung.
See also
Aspergillus
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus clavatus
Article
Decomposition
Decomposition of the human body occurs soon after death and is of relevance to radiology in the fields of postmortem and forensic radiology.
Pathology
Decomposition occurs due to two main processes 1,2:
autolysis: degradation by destructive enzymes released by dying cells in the body
putrefa...
Article
Alcian blue stain
Alcian blue stain is a histological stain utilized for the identification of extracellular matrix proteoglycans, like glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid 1, commonly in connective tissue and epithelial malignant neoplasms 2, and also Barrett esophagus, where it can highlight mucosal intestina...
Article
Nestin
Nestin is an intermediate filament protein found primarily in central nervous system stem cells. It is the target of antibodies for immunohistochemistry for the assessment of neuropathological histology specimens.
Article
Serum ascites albumin gradient
The serum–ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) is the difference between the concurrently obtained serum albumin concentration and the albumin concentration of the ascitic fluid obtained during paracentesis.
Pathology
A difference ≥1.1 grams/deciliter (g/dL) indicates portal hypertension as the li...
Article
Corpora amylacea
The corpora amylacea ("bodies of starch") are a histologic finding, encountered more frequently in the brain, prostate, lung, and uterus. The corpora amylacea are thought to be sulfated glycosaminoglycans 1. Some have described it as a localized amyloidosis 2.
In the prostate they appear to ar...
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