Search results for “large normals”
612 results found
Article
Feces
Feces, also known as stool, is the solid component of human waste. Almost half of its dry mass is bacterial biomass, with the remainder comprised of undigested dietary matter, exfoliated cells of the gut, intestinal secretions, small metabolites and mucus.
Composition
Fecal matter is semisoli...
Article
Dentigerous cyst
Dentigerous cysts, also called follicular cysts, are slow-growing benign and non-inflammatory odontogenic cysts that are thought to be developmental in origin.
On imaging, they usually present as a well-defined and unilocular radiolucency surrounding the crown of an unerupted or impacted tooth ...
Article
Choledocholithiasis
Choledocholithiasis denotes the presence of gallstones within the bile ducts (including the common hepatic duct/common bile duct).
Epidemiology
Choledocholithiasis is relatively common, seen in up to 20% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallstone-related complaints 2.
Clinical prese...
Article
Multiple sclerosis (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating condition affecting the central nervous system. Diagnosis requires good history, clinical examination, appropriate imaging, and laboratory tests (cerebrospinal fluid for Ig...
Article
Abdominal x-ray review: ABDO X
Abdominal x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using ABDO X is a helpful and systematic method for abdominal x-ray review:
A: air - where it should and should not be
B: bowel - position, size and wall thickness
D: dense s...
Article
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Sturge-Weber syndrome, also known as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis or encephalofacial angiomatosis, is a phakomatosis characterized by facial port-wine birthmark (capillary malformation) and pial angiomas.
It is part of a wide spectrum of possible phenotypes included in the cerebrofacial ar...
Article
Asymmetrically large jugular bulb
Asymmetrically large jugular bulbs are entirely normal and asymptomatic; its only significance is to distinguish it from pathology.
The size of the jugular bulbs is variable, with the right side being significantly larger than the left in two-thirds of people.
A normal but large bulb will have...
Article
Nuchal translucency
Nuchal translucency is the normal fluid-filled subcutaneous space identified at the back of the fetal neck during the late first trimester and early second trimester (11 weeks 3 days to 13 weeks 6 days).
It should not be confused with the nuchal fold, which is seen in the second trimester.
P...
Article
Cochlear hypoplasia
Cochlear hypoplasia is a group of inner ear malformations defined by a smaller than normal cochlea with various internal architectural abnormalities such as having <2 turns.
Epidemiology
Cochlear hypoplasia accounts for 15% of cochlear malformations 1.
Radiographic features
According to the ...
Article
Extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma
Extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma (EES) is included in the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) along with Ewing sarcoma of bone, peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET), peripheral neuroepithelioma, and Ewing sarcoma of the chest wall (previously known as Askin tumor). When compared with ...
Article
Ovary size and volume
Ovary size and volume is frequently determined with ultrasound. The volume estimate is calculated by the formula for an ellipsoid, where D1, D2, and D3 are the three axial measurements:
D1 x D2 x D3 x 0.52
The normal, adult, non-pregnant, mean ovary volume of women who are not postmenopausal i...
Article
Immune thrombocytopenia
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), historically known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a decrease in platelet numbers to <100 x 109/L. In most cases it is a primary condition, i.e. no underlying cause is found.
Terminology
Historically, immune thro...
Article
Hemimegalencephaly
Hemimegalencephaly is a rare congenital disorder of cortical formation with hamartomatous overgrowth of all or part of a cerebral hemisphere. This results from either increased proliferation or decreased apoptosis (or both) of developing neurons 2.
Epidemiology
Hemimegalencephaly is a cryptoge...
Article
Macrocephaly
Macrocephaly is a clinical and radiological term that refers to a generalized increase in the size of the cranial vault.
Terminology
This slightly differs from the term megalencephaly which means an increase in the size of the brain parenchyma.
Epidemiology
content pending
Clinical present...
Article
Anomaly detection
Anomaly detection finds statistical outliers in data. Machine learning based anomaly detection algorithms use a large number of normal examples to train an algorithm which detects what is normal (based on the training examples) and what is not normal. Anomaly detection algorithms can have featur...
Article
Congenital megacalyces
Congenital megacalyces is an incidental finding which mimics hydronephrosis. It is a result of underdevelopment of the renal medullary pyramids with resultant enlargement of the calyces. It is more frequently seen in males.
The enlarged calyces predispose to stasis, infection and calculus forma...
Article
Micrognathia
The term micrognathia describes a small mandible.
Epidemiology
Associations
Micrognathia is associated with a vast array of other congenital anomalies which include:
aneuploidic syndromic
trisomy 9 4
trisomy 13
trisomy 18
non-aneuploidic syndromic
arterial tortuosity syndrome
Fryns sy...
Article
Chronic epididymitis
Chronic epididymitis is a clinical diagnosis based on chronic epididymal pain lasting for at least six weeks 8. It is a common, possibly the most common, cause of scrotal pain.
Epidemiology
One study found the median age at presentation is 46-49 years with an average duration of symptoms prio...
Article
Iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis
Iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when a thrombus in the iliac vein (common, external or internal) and/or common femoral vein obstructs the venous outflow from the lower limb leading to marked edema. DVT of the IVC or the more distal lower limb veins may also be present.
Terminology...
Article
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer ranks as the most common primary malignant tumor in men and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is by far the most common histological type and is the primary focus of this article.
Epidemiology
It is primarily a disease of the...
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