Articles
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1,129 results
Article
MALT lymphoma
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, sometimes shortened to MALToma, is a type of low-grade extranodal lymphoma.
Terminology
In the 5th edition of the WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors, it is a mature B-cell neoplasm termed extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-a...
Article
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
Extramedullary hematopoiesis is a response to the failure of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow.
This article aims to a general approach on the condition, for a dedicated discussion for a particularly involved organ, please refer to the specific articles on:
extramedullary hematopoiesis in the...
Article
Orbital lymphoma
Primary lymphoma of the orbit is one of the most common orbital tumors and accounts for as much as half of all orbital malignancies. It is a B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and in most cases arises from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
Epidemiology
Orbital lymphomas account for only 2% o...
Article
POEMS syndrome
POEMS syndrome is the acronymic name for a rare multisystem paraneoplastic disorder including the following features:
P: polyneuropathy
O: organomegaly
E: endocrinopathy
M: monoclonal gammopathy
S: skin changes
Clinical presentation
The diagnostic criteria differ from the acronym. Accordi...
Article
MALT lymphoma (dura)
MALT lymphomas of the dura (also known as extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of the dura), are an uncommon form of CNS lymphoma, accounting for an even smaller proportion of dural masses. They are, however, the most common form of primary dural lymphoma, in th...
Article
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas (PXA) are an uncommon circumscribed astrocytic tumor found in young patients and can be WHO grade 2 or 3. They are often considered part of the heterogeneous group of tumors known as long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs) 9.
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas m...
Article
TP53 (gene)
The TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, is a tumor suppressor gene, responsible for the production of the p53 protein, a transcription regulatory protein which works in concert with a number of other proteins, together forming the p53 pathway 1,2.
Inherited mutations in this gene result in the...
Article
Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare form of T-cell primary breast lymphoma that has primarily been associated with textured breast implants.
Terminology
In BIA-ALCL, the peri-implant fluid is referred to as an effusion rather than a seroma, as the lat...
Article
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is one of the less common subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
Epidemiology
This is the least common major subtype of RCC, occurring 5% of the time 1. Similar incidence in men and women. There is an association with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome 4.
Pathology
Thi...
Article
Radiation-induced breast cancer
Radiation-induced breast cancers are a potential long-term complication of radiotherapy to the chest, in particular, in those patients receiving irradiation for breast cancer or Hodgkin lymphoma.
Besides breast cancer, sarcomas (breast angiosarcoma or osteosarcomas arising from the irradiated ...
Article
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinomas (commonest type of bile duct cancers) are malignant epithelial tumors arising from the biliary tree, excluding the gallbladder or ampulla of Vater. Cholangiocarcinoma is the third most common primary hepatobiliary malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and gallbladde...
Article
Three-territory sign (brain)
The three-territory sign is a radiological sign described in ischemic stroke and is highly specific to hypercoagulability due to malignancy (Trousseau syndrome) being the etiology. However, this sign is not pathognomonic, and may be seen with cardioembolic stroke (e.g. due to atrial fibrillation...
Article
Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma
Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma is an uncommon intermediate-grade fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumor.
Terminology
When occurring the finger, the term acral myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma is used.
Epidemiology
It typically affects adults.
Clinical presentation
The patient may...
Article
Anal cancer
Anal cancer is relatively uncommon, accounting for <2% of large bowel malignancies. Most cases are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on histology.
Epidemiology
Anal cancer accounts for <2% of large bowel malignancies and ~3.5% (range 1-6%) of anorectal tumors (~1.5% of all gastrointestinal tract m...
Article
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a tumor that usually occurs in the salivary glands. It can mimic most other tumors of the glands, and therefore is often considered in the differential.
Epidemiology
Mucoepidermoid carcinomas are seen throughout all adult age groups but are most common in middle ag...
Article
Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms
Myelodysplastic syndrome / myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) overlap syndromes refer to a group of chronic clonal myeloid malignancies in which there are features of both myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasm at the time of presentation.
Entities that can fall into this g...
Article
Localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor
Localized tenosynovial giant cell tumors are a subtype and are most commonly found in the fingers. On imaging, these lesions are commonly demonstrated as localized, solitary, subcutaneous soft tissue nodules, with low T1 and T2 signal and moderate enhancement.
Please see the overview article t...
Article
Milan criteria in liver transplantation
The Milan criteria are used to assess suitability in patients for liver transplantation with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with comparable outcomes when compared to patients with liver cirrhosis but without HCC 3.
Usage
The Milan criteria are widely accepted and used, however, t...
Article
Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation
Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation (UCSD) is a variation of urothelial cell carcinoma which is associated with advanced tumor stage. When occurring in relation to bladder cancer, around 60-70% of the cases occur in those with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) 1.
Treatment an...
Article
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a low-grade malignant tumor arising from dermal and subcutaneous tissues and is the most common cutaneous sarcoma (although overall still quite rare). It is most commonly found at the trunk and proximal extremities 6.
Its behavior is notable for a high ...
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