Basal ganglia and thalamus signal abnormalities
Disclosures
- updated 15 Jul 2022:
Nothing to disclose
Updates to Article Attributes
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Basal ganglia and thalamus signal abnormalities occur in a wide variety of conditions. Ischaemia/hypoxia, metabolic disorders and toxins, particularly those that affect the respiratory chain, have a predilection for affecting the basal ganglia as they are highly metabolically active.
They can be thought of in terms of the specific signal abnormality or according to the underlying disease processes.
Signal intensity changes
Although there is significant overlap between some of these lists they are discussed separately.
increased T2 signal in the basal ganglia (usually also results in decreased T1 signal)
Pathological processes
-
infection/inflammatory
viruses (e.g. flavivirus encephalitis)
-
ischaemia/hypoxia/hypoglycaemia
-
neurodegenerative/metabolic
(A-Z)autoimmune encephalitis (e.g. anti-D2 dopamine antibodies)
-
extrapontine myelinolysis(osmotic demyelination) neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) (e.g. PKAN)
-
toxins
alcohol: e.g. Wernicke encephalopathy
-
respiratory chain toxins
ethylene glycol toxicityWernicke encephalopathy
tumours
-<li>-<a href="/articles/basal-ganglia-t2-hyperintensity">increased T2 signal in the basal ganglia</a> (usually also results in <a href="/articles/decreased-t1-signal-in-the-basal-ganglia">decreased T1 signal</a>)</li>-<li><a href="/articles/basal-ganglia-t2-hypointensity">decreased T2 signal in the basal ganglia</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/basal-ganglia-t1-hyperintensity">increased T1 signal in the basal ganglia</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/restricted-diffusion-in-the-basal-ganglia">restricted diffusion in the basal ganglia</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/basal-ganglia-calcification">calcification in the basal ganglia</a></li>- +<li><p><a href="/articles/basal-ganglia-t2-hyperintensity">increased T2 signal in the basal ganglia</a> (usually also results in <a href="/articles/decreased-t1-signal-in-the-basal-ganglia">decreased T1 signal</a>)</p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/basal-ganglia-t2-hypointensity">decreased T2 signal in the basal ganglia</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/basal-ganglia-t1-hyperintensity">increased T1 signal in the basal ganglia</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/basal-ganglia-restricted-diffusion">restricted diffusion in the basal ganglia</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/basal-ganglia-calcification">calcification in the basal ganglia</a></p></li>
-<li>infection/inflammatory<ul>-<li><a href="/articles/neurotoxoplasmosis">cerebral toxoplasmosis</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/behcet-disease-cns-manifestations-1">neuro-Behcet disease</a></li>-<li>viruses (e.g. <a href="/articles/flavivirus-encephalitis">flavivirus encephalitis</a>)</li>-</ul>-</li>-<li>ischaemia/hypoxia/hypoglycaemia<ul>-<li><a href="/articles/artery-of-percheron-territory-infarct">artery of Percheron occlusion</a>-</li>-<li><a href="/articles/top-of-the-basilar-syndrome">basilar tip occlusion</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/hypoxic-ischaemic-encephalopathy-adults-and-children">hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (adults and children)</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/hypoxic-ischaemic-encephalopathy-adults-and-children">hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (neonates)</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/hypoglycaemic-encephalopathy">hypoglycaemia</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/non-ketotic-hyperglycaemia">non-ketotic hyperglycaemia</a></li>-<a href="/articles/cerebral-venous-infarction">venous infarction</a> (<a href="/articles/internal-cerebral-vein">internal cerebral vein</a> thrombosis)</li>- +<p>infection/inflammatory</p>
- +<ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/neurotoxoplasmosis">cerebral toxoplasmosis</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/behcet-disease-cns-manifestations-1">neuro-Behcet disease</a></p></li>
- +<li><p>viruses (e.g. <a href="/articles/flavivirus-encephalitis">flavivirus encephalitis</a>)</p></li>
-<li>neurodegenerative/metabolic (A-Z)<ul>-<a href="/articles/acquired-hepatocerebral-degeneration">acquired </a><a href="/articles/acquired-hepatocerebral-degeneration">hepatocerebral</a><a href="/articles/acquired-hepatocerebral-degeneration"> degeneration</a>- +<p>ischaemia/hypoxia/hypoglycaemia</p>
- +<ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/artery-of-percheron-territory-infarct">artery of Percheron occlusion</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/top-of-the-basilar-syndrome">basilar tip occlusion</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/hypoxic-ischaemic-encephalopathy-adults-and-children">hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (adults and children)</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/hypoxic-ischaemic-encephalopathy-adults-and-children">hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (neonates)</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/hypoglycaemic-encephalopathy">hypoglycaemia</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/non-ketotic-hyperglycaemia">non-ketotic hyperglycaemia</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/cerebral-venous-infarction">venous infarction</a> (<a href="/articles/internal-cerebral-vein">internal cerebral vein</a> thrombosis)</p></li>
- +</ul>
-<a href="/articles/autoimmune-encephalitis">autoimmune encephalitis</a> (e.g. anti-D2 dopamine antibodies)</li>-<li><a href="/articles/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease">Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</a></li>-<li>-<a href="/articles/extrapontine-myelinolysis-1">extrapontine myelinolysis</a> (osmotic demyelination)</li>-<li><a href="/articles/fahr-syndrome-1">Fahr disease</a></li>-<li>-<a href="/articles/focal-areas-of-signal-intensity-brain-1">focal areas of signal intensity</a> in <a href="/articles/neurofibromatosis-type-1">neurofibromatosis type 1</a>- +<p>neurodegenerative/metabolic</p>
- +<ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/acquired-hepatocerebral-degeneration">acquired hepatocerebral degeneration</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/autoimmune-encephalitis">autoimmune encephalitis</a> (e.g. anti-D2 dopamine antibodies)</p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease">Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/fahr-syndrome-2">Fahr disease</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/focal-areas-of-signal-intensity-brain-1">focal areas of signal intensity</a> in <a href="/articles/neurofibromatosis-type-1">neurofibromatosis type 1</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/huntington-disease">Huntington disease</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/methylmalonic-acidaemia">methylmalonic acidaemia</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/mitochondrial-diseases">mitochondrial diseases</a>: e.g. <a href="/articles/leigh-s-disease">Leigh disease</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/neurodegeneration-with-brain-iron-accumulation-2">neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA)</a> (e.g. <a href="/articles/pantothenate-kinase-associated-neurodegeneration">PKAN</a>)</p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/extrapontine-myelinolysis-1">osmotic demyelination syndrome</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/wilson-disease-2">Wilson disease</a></p></li>
- +</ul>
-<li><a href="/articles/huntington-disease">Huntington disease</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/methylmalonic-acidaemia">methylmalonic acidaemia</a></li>-<a href="/articles/mitochondrial-diseases">mitochondrial diseases</a>: e.g. <a href="/articles/leigh-s-disease">Leigh disease</a>-</li>- +<p>toxins</p>
- +<ul>
- +<li><p>alcohol: e.g. <a href="/articles/wernicke-encephalopathy">Wernicke encephalopathy</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/ethylene-glycol-toxicity">ethylene glycol toxicity</a></p></li>
-<a href="/articles/neurodegeneration-with-brain-iron-accumulation-2">neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA)</a> (e.g. <a href="/articles/pantothenate-kinase-associated-neurodegeneration">PKAN</a>)</li>-<li><a href="/articles/wilson-disease-2">Wilson disease</a></li>- +<p>respiratory chain toxins</p>
- +<ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/carbon-monoxide-poisoning-1">carbon monoxide neurotoxicity</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/cyanide-poisoning">cyanide</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/methanol-poisoning">methanol toxicity</a></p></li>
-<li>toxins<ul>-<li>respiratory chain toxins<ul>-<li><a href="/articles/carbon-monoxide-poisoning-1">carbon monoxide neurotoxicity</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/cyanide-poisoning">cyanide</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/methanol-poisoning">methanol toxicity</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/ethylene-glycol-toxicity">ethylene glycol toxicity</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/wernicke-korsakoff-syndrome">Wernicke encephalopathy</a></li>-</ul>-</li>-<li>tumours<ul>-<a href="/articles/diffuse-astrocytoma-1">diffuse astrocytoma</a> including <a href="/articles/diffuse-midline-glioma-h3-k27mmutant">diffuse midline glioma H3 K27M–mutant</a>-</li>-<li><a href="/articles/primary-cns-lymphoma">primary CNS lymphoma</a></li>- +<p>tumours</p>
- +<ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/astrocytoma-idh-mutant-1">diffuse astrocytoma</a> including <a href="/articles/diffuse-midline-glioma-h3-k27-altered">diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27–altered</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/primary-cns-lymphoma">primary CNS lymphoma</a></p></li>
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