Paraneoplastic syndromes
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Paraneoplastic syndromes occur secondary to the indirect effects of a malignancy and occur remotely to the primary malignacymalignancy. Symptoms are mediated by cytokines, hormones or immune cross-reactivity. These syndromes can cause a diverse range of symptoms and can affect multiple systems.
Epidemiology
Paraneoplastic syndromes occur in up to 15% of patients with cancer 3.
Pathology
Paraneoplastic syndromes arise most commonly with small cell lung cancer as well as gynaecological and haematological malignancies.
Paraneoplastic systems can affect multiple systems and have a diverse presentation. Some examples are given below 1, 2:
- paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes
- paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS)
- paraneoplastic rheumatological/dermatological syndromes
- acanthosis nigracans
- dermatomyositis
- hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
- leukocytoclastic vasculitis
- paraneoplastic pemphigus
- Sweet syndrome
- paraneoplastic haematologic syndromes
- miscellaneous paraneoplastic syndromes
History and etymology
Paraneoplastic comes from the Greek words for alongside (para), new (neo) and formation (plasis) 2.
-<p><strong>Paraneoplastic syndromes</strong> occur secondary to the indirect effects of a malignancy and occur remotely to the primary malignacy. Symptoms are mediated by cytokines, hormones or immune cross-reactivity. These syndromes can cause a diverse range of symptoms and can affect multiple systems.</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Paraneoplastic syndromes occur in up to 15% of patients with cancer <sup>3</sup>. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Paraneoplastic syndromes arise most commonly with <a href="/articles/small-cell-lung-cancer-1">small cell lung cancer</a> as well as gynaecological and haematological malignancies. </p><p>Paraneoplastic systems can affect multiple systems and have a diverse presentation. Some examples are given below <sup>1, 2</sup>:</p><ul>- +<p><strong>Paraneoplastic syndromes</strong> occur secondary to the indirect effects of a malignancy and occur remotely to the primary malignancy. Symptoms are mediated by cytokines, hormones or immune cross-reactivity. These syndromes can cause a diverse range of symptoms and can affect multiple systems.</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Paraneoplastic syndromes occur in up to 15% of patients with cancer <sup>3</sup>. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Paraneoplastic syndromes arise most commonly with <a href="/articles/small-cell-lung-cancer-1">small cell lung cancer</a> as well as gynaecological and haematological malignancies. </p><p>Paraneoplastic systems can affect multiple systems and have a diverse presentation. Some examples are given below <sup>1, 2</sup>:</p><ul>
-<li>miscellaneous paraneoplastic syndromes<ul><li><a title="Stauffer syndrome" href="/articles/stauffer-syndrome">Stauffer syndrome</a></li></ul>- +<li>miscellaneous paraneoplastic syndromes<ul><li><a href="/articles/stauffer-syndrome">Stauffer syndrome</a></li></ul>
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