Raymond syndrome
Last revised by Hamish Smith
on 21 Nov 2018
Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data
Citation:
Loh D, Smith H, Sharma R, et al. Raymond syndrome. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 13 Mar 2025) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-53256
rID:
53256
Article created:
8 May 2017,
Daniel Loh
Disclosures:
At the time the article was created Daniel Loh had no recorded disclosures.
View Daniel Loh's current disclosures
Last revised:
21 Nov 2018,
Hamish Smith
Disclosures:
At the time the article was last revised Hamish Smith had no recorded disclosures.
View Hamish Smith's current disclosures
Revisions:
5 times, by
4 contributors -
see full revision history and disclosures
Systems:
Sections:
Synonyms:
- Raymond's syndrome
Raymond syndrome is a posterior circulatory stroke syndrome due to a lesion in the ventral medial mid-pons. It is an extremely rare condition, with only a handful of cases described in the literature.
Clinical presentation
Clinically, 2 subtypes have been reported 1:
-
classic type
- abducens nerve (CN VI) - fascicle: ipsilateral lateral gaze paresis
- corticospinal fibers - undecussated: contralateral hemiparesis
- corticofacial fibers: facial paresis
-
common type (more frequently reported)
- abducens nerve (CN VI) - fascicle: ipsilateral lateral gaze paresis
- corticospinal fibers - undecussated: contralateral hemiparesis
- NB: corticofacial fibers are spared in the common type
History and etymology
The syndrome was first described by Fulgence Raymond (1844-1910), a French physician, in 1894 2.
References
- 1. Zaorsky NG, Luo JJ. A case of classic raymond syndrome. Case reports in neurological medicine. 2012: 583123. doi:10.1155/2012/583123 - Pubmed
- 2. Raymond F. Concerning a special type of alternating hemiplegia. Leçons Sur Les Maladies Nerveuses. 1894;1895:365-83.
Incoming Links
Articles:
Related articles: Stroke and intracranial haemorrhage
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stroke and intracranial hemorrhage
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ischemic stroke
- general discussions
- scoring and classification systems
- Alberta stroke program early CT score (ASPECTS)
- ASCOD classification
- Canadian Neurological Scale
- Heidelberg bleeding classification
- NIH Stroke Scale
- Mathew stroke scale
- modified Rankin scale
- Orgogozo Stroke Scale
- Scandinavian Stroke Scale
- thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) scale
- TOAST classification
- collateral vessel scores
- signs
- by region
- hemispheric infarcts
- frontal lobe infarct
- parietal lobe infarct
- temporal lobe infarct
- occipital lobe infarct
- alexia without agraphia syndrome: PCA
- cortical blindness syndrome (Anton syndrome): top of basilar or bilateral PCA
- Balint syndrome: bilateral PCA
- lacunar infarct
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thalamic infarct
- artery of Percheron infarct
- Déjerine-Roussy syndrome (thalamic pain syndrome): thalamoperforators of PCA
- top of the basilar syndrome
- striatocapsular infarct
- choroid plexus infarct
- cerebellar infarct
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brainstem infarct
- midbrain infarct
- Benedikt syndrome: PCA
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- Nothnagel syndrome: PCA
- Weber syndrome: PCA
- Wernekink commissure syndrome
- pontine infarct
- Brissaud-Sicard syndrome
- facial colliculus syndrome
- Gasperini syndrome: basilar artery or AICA
- inferior medial pontine syndrome (Foville syndrome): basilar artery
- lateral pontine syndrome (Marie-Foix syndrome): basilar artery or AICA
- locked-in syndrome: basilar artery
- Millard-Gubler syndrome: basilar artery
- Raymond syndrome: basilar artery
- medullary infarct
- Babinski-Nageotte syndrome
- Cestan-Chenais syndrome
- hemimedullary syndrome (Reinhold syndrome)
- lateral medullary stroke syndrome (Wallenberg syndrome)
- medial medullary syndrome (Déjerine syndrome)
- Opalski syndrome
- midbrain infarct
- acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome
- hemispheric infarcts
- by vascular territory
- by vessel size
- treatment options
- complications
-
intracranial hemorrhage
-
intra-axial hemorrhage
- signs and formulas
- ABC/2 (volume estimation)
- black hole sign
- blend sign
- cashew nut sign
- CTA spot sign
- island sign
- satellite sign
- swirl sign
- zebra sign
- by type
- by location
- signs and formulas
- extra-axial hemorrhage
- extradural hemorrhage (EDH)
- intralaminar dural hemorrhage
- subdural hemorrhage (SDH)
-
subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
- types
- complications
- grading systems
- subpial hemorrhage
-
intra-axial hemorrhage
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