Mature cystic ovarian teratoma
Disclosures
- updated 16 Jan 2023:
- Integral Diagnostics, Shareholder (ongoing)
- Micro-X Ltd, Shareholder (ongoing)
Updates to Article Attributes
Body
was changed:
Ovarian dermoid cyst and mature cystic ovarian teratoma are terms often used interchangeably to refer to the most common ovarian neoplasm. These slow-growing tumours contain elements from multiple germ cell layers and can be assessed with ultrasound or MRI.
Terminology
Although they have very similar imaging appearances, the two have a fundamental histological difference: a dermoid is composed only of dermal and epidermal elements (which are both ectodermal in origin), whereas teratomas also comprise mesodermal and endodermal elements.
For the sake of simplicity, both are discussed in this article, as much of the literature combines the two entities.
Epidemiology
Mature cystic teratomas account for ~15% (range 10-20%) of all ovarian neoplasms. They tend to be identified in young women, typically around the age of 30 years 1, and are also the most common ovarian neoplasm in patients younger than 20 years 7.
Clinical presentation
Uncomplicated ovarian dermoid tend to be asymptomatic and are often discovered incidentally. They do, however, predispose to ovarian torsion, and may then present with acute pelvic pain.
Pathology
Mature cystic teratomas are encapsulated tumours with mature tissue or organ components. They are composed of well-differentiated derivations from at least two of the three germ cell layers (i.e. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). They, therefore, contain developmentally mature skin complete with hair follicles and sweat glands, sometimes luxuriant clumps of long hair, and often pockets of sebum, blood, fat (93%) 10, bone, nails, teeth, eyes, cartilage, and thyroid tissue. Typically their diameter is smaller than 10 cm, and rarely more than 15 cm. Real organoid structures (teeth, fragments of bone) may be present in ~30% of cases.
Location
They are bilateral in 10-15% of cases 1,2.
Variants
struma ovarii tumour: contains thyroid elements, however, sometimes these are separately classified as specialised teratomas of the ovaries
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
May show calcific and tooth components with the pelvis.
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality. Typically an ovarian dermoid is seen as a cystic adnexal mass with some mural components. Most lesions are unilocular.
The spectrum of sonographic features includes:
-
diffusely or partially echogenic mass with posterior sound attenuation owing to sebaceous material and hair within the cyst cavity
an echogenic interface at the edge of mass that obscures deep structures: the tip of the iceberg sign
mural hyperechoic Rokitansky nodule (dermoid plug)
echogenic, shadowing calcific or dental (tooth) components
the presence of fluid-fluid levels 5
multiple thin, echogenic bands caused by the hair in the cyst cavity: the dot-dash pattern (dermoid mesh)
-
colour Doppler: no internal vascularity
internal vascularity requires further workup to exclude a malignant lesion
intracystic floating balls sign is uncommon but characteristic 9
CT
CT has high sensitivity in the diagnosis of cystic teratomas 6 though it is not routinely recommended for this purpose owing to its ionising radiation.
Typically CT images demonstrate fat (areas with very low Hounsfield values), fat-fluid level, calcification (sometimes dentiform), Rokitansky protuberance, and tufts of hair. The presence of most of the above tissues is diagnostic of ovarian cystic teratomas in 98% of cases 5. Whenever the size exceeds 10 cm or soft tissue plugs and cauliflower appearance with irregular borders are seen, malignant transformation should be suspected 5.
When ruptured, the characteristic hypoattenuating fatty fluid can be found as anti dependant pockets, typically below the right hemidiaphragm, a pathognomonic finding 2. The escaped cyst content also leads to chemical peritonitis and the mesentery may be stranded and the peritoneum thickened, which may mimic peritoneal carcinomatosis 2.
MRI
MR evaluation usually tends to be reserved for difficult cases but is exquisitely sensitive to fat components. Both fat suppression techniques and chemical shift artifact can be used to confirm the presence of fat.
Enhancement is also able to identify solid invasive components, and as such can be used to accurately locally stage malignant variants.
Treatment and prognosis
Mature ovarian teratomas are slow-growing (1-2 mm a year) and, therefore, some advocate nonsurgical management. Larger lesions are often surgically removed. Many recommend annual follow-up for lesions <7 cm to monitor growth, beyond which resection is advised.
Complications
Recognised complications include:
ovarian torsion: ~3-16% of ovarian teratomas, in general: considered the most common complication
rupture: ~1-4%
malignant transformation: ~1-2%, usually into squamous cell carcinoma (adults) or rarely into endodermal sinus tumours (paediatrics)
superimposed infection: 1%
hyperthyroidism (in struma ovarii only)
carcinoid syndrome (rare)
paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDA receptor) associated limbic encephalitis (uncommon) 8
gliomatosis peritonei: is a rare condition characterised by metastatic glial tissue on the peritoneum, omentum and lymph nodes
Differential diagnosis
General differential imaging considerations include:
-
a high T1 signal that does not suppress with fat saturation
-
pedunculated lipoleiomyoma of the uterus
can be traced back to the uterus
-
ovarian serous or mucinous cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma
this is usually only a serious consideration if typical features of mature cystic teratoma are absent (i.e. fat is absent)
tend to occur in an older age group than dermoid cysts
See also
-<p><strong>Ovarian dermoid cyst</strong> and <strong>mature cystic ovarian teratoma</strong> are terms often used interchangeably to refer to the most common <a href="/articles/ovarian-tumours">ovarian neoplasm</a>. These slow-growing tumours contain elements from multiple germ cell layers and can be assessed with ultrasound or MRI. </p><h4>Terminology</h4><p>Although they have very similar imaging appearances, the two have a fundamental histological difference: a dermoid is composed only of dermal and epidermal elements (which are both ectodermal in origin), whereas teratomas also comprise mesodermal and endodermal elements. </p><p>For the sake of simplicity, both are discussed in this article, as much of the literature combines the two entities. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Mature cystic teratomas account for ~15% (range 10-20%) of all ovarian neoplasms. They tend to be identified in young women, typically around the age of 30 years <sup>1,</sup> and are also the most common ovarian neoplasm in patients younger than 20 years <sup>7</sup>.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Uncomplicated ovarian dermoid tend to be asymptomatic and are often discovered incidentally. They do, however, predispose to <a href="/articles/ovarian-torsion">ovarian torsion</a>, and may then present with acute pelvic pain. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Mature cystic teratomas are encapsulated tumours with mature tissue or organ components. They are composed of well-differentiated derivations from at least two of the three germ cell layers (i.e. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). They, therefore, contain developmentally mature skin complete with <a href="/articles/hair">hair follicles</a> and sweat glands, sometimes luxuriant clumps of long hair, and often pockets of sebum, <a href="/articles/blood">blood</a>, fat (93%) <sup>10</sup>, bone, nails, <a href="/articles/teeth">teeth</a>, <a href="/articles/ocular-globe-1">eyes</a>, <a href="/articles/cartilage">cartilage</a>, and <a href="/articles/thyroid-gland">thyroid tissue</a>. Typically their diameter is smaller than 10 cm, and rarely more than 15 cm. Real organoid structures (teeth, fragments of bone) may be present in ~30% of cases.</p><h5>Location</h5><p>They are bilateral in 10-15% of cases <sup>1,2</sup>.</p><h5>Variants</h5><ul><li><p><a href="/articles/struma-ovarii-tumour">struma ovarii tumour</a>: contains thyroid elements, however, sometimes these are separately classified as <a href="/articles/specialised-teratoma-ovary">specialised teratomas</a> of the ovaries</p></li></ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><p>May show calcific and tooth components with the pelvis.</p><h5>Ultrasound</h5><p>Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality. Typically an ovarian dermoid is seen as a cystic adnexal mass with some mural components. Most lesions are unilocular.</p><p>The spectrum of sonographic features includes:</p><ul>-<li>-<p>diffusely or partially echogenic mass with posterior sound attenuation owing to sebaceous material and hair within the cyst cavity</p>-<ul><li><p>an echogenic interface at the edge of mass that obscures deep structures: the <a href="/articles/tip-of-the-iceberg-sign-ovarian-dermoid-cyst">tip of the iceberg sign</a></p></li></ul>-</li>-<li><p>mural hyperechoic <a href="/articles/rokitansky-nodule">Rokitansky nodule</a> <a href="/articles/rokitansky-nodule">(dermoid plug)</a></p></li>-<li><p>echogenic, shadowing calcific or dental (tooth) components</p></li>-<li><p>the presence of fluid-fluid levels <sup>5</sup></p></li>-<li><p>multiple thin, echogenic bands caused by the hair in the cyst cavity: the <a href="/articles/dot-dash-pattern">dot-dash pattern (dermoid mesh)</a></p></li>-<li>-<p>colour Doppler: no internal vascularity</p>-<ul><li><p>internal vascularity requires further workup to exclude a malignant lesion</p></li></ul>-</li>-<li><p>intracystic <a href="/articles/floating-balls-sign">floating balls sign</a> is uncommon but characteristic <sup>9</sup></p></li>-</ul><h5>CT</h5><p>CT has high sensitivity in the diagnosis of cystic teratomas <sup>6</sup> though it is not routinely recommended for this purpose owing to its ionising radiation.</p><p>Typically CT images demonstrate fat (areas with very low Hounsfield values), <a href="/articles/fat-fluid-level">fat-fluid level</a>, calcification (sometimes dentiform), <a href="/articles/rokitansky-nodule">Rokitansky protuberance</a>, and tufts of hair. The presence of most of the above tissues is diagnostic of ovarian cystic teratomas in 98% of cases <sup>5</sup>. Whenever the size exceeds 10 cm or soft tissue plugs and cauliflower appearance with irregular borders are seen, <a href="/articles/squamous-cell-carcinoma-in-mature-cystic-teratoma-1">malignant transformation</a> should be suspected <sup>5</sup>.</p><p>When ruptured, the characteristic hypoattenuating fatty fluid can be found as anti dependant pockets, typically below the right hemidiaphragm, a pathognomonic finding <sup>2</sup>. The escaped cyst content also leads to chemical peritonitis and the mesentery may be stranded and the peritoneum thickened, which may mimic <a href="/articles/peritoneal-carcinomatosis">peritoneal carcinomatosis</a> <sup>2</sup>. </p><h5>MRI</h5><p>MR evaluation usually tends to be reserved for difficult cases but is exquisitely sensitive to fat components. Both fat suppression techniques and chemical shift artifact can be used to confirm the presence of fat. </p><p>Enhancement is also able to identify solid invasive components, and as such can be used to accurately locally stage malignant variants. </p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Mature ovarian teratomas are slow-growing (1-2 mm a year) and, therefore, some advocate nonsurgical management. Larger lesions are often surgically removed. Many recommend annual follow-up for lesions <7 cm to monitor growth, beyond which resection is advised.</p><h5>Complications</h5><p>Recognised complications include:</p><ul>-<li><p><a href="/articles/ovarian-torsion">ovarian torsion</a>: ~3-16% of ovarian teratomas, in general: considered the most common complication</p></li>-<li><p>rupture: ~1-4%</p></li>-<li><p>malignant transformation: ~1-2%, usually into <a href="/articles/squamous-cell-carcinoma-ovary">squamous cell carcinoma</a> (adults) or rarely into <a href="/articles/ovarian-yolk-sac-tumour">endodermal sinus tumours</a> (paediatrics)</p></li>-<li><p>superimposed infection: 1%</p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/autoimmune-haemolytic-anaemia">autoimmune haemolytic anaemia</a>: <1%</p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a> (in <a href="/articles/struma-ovarii-tumour">struma ovarii</a> only)</p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/carcinoid-syndrome">carcinoid syndrome</a> (rare)</p></li>-<li><p>paraneoplastic <a href="/articles/anti-n-methyl-d-aspartic-acid-receptor-encephalitis">anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDA receptor) associated limbic encephalitis</a> (uncommon) <sup>8</sup></p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/gliomatosis-peritonei" title="Gliomatosis peritonei">gliomatosis peritonei</a>: is a rare condition characterised by metastatic glial tissue on the peritoneum, omentum and lymph nodes</p></li>-</ul><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>General differential imaging considerations include:</p><ul>-<li><p><a href="/articles/haemorrhagic-ovarian-cyst">haemorrhagic ovarian cyst</a></p></li>-<li>-<p><a href="/articles/endometrioma">endometrioma</a></p>-<ul>-<li><p>a high T1 signal that does not suppress with fat saturation</p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/shading-sign-endometrioma">T2 shading</a> </p></li>-</ul>-</li>-<li>-<p>pedunculated <a href="/articles/uterine-lipoleiomyoma">lipoleiomyoma of the uterus</a></p>-<ul><li><p>can be traced back to the uterus </p></li></ul>-</li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/immature-ovarian-teratoma">immature teratoma</a></p></li>-<li>-<p><a href="/articles/ovarian-serous-cystadenoma">ovarian serous</a> or <a href="/articles/ovarian-mucinous-cystadenoma">mucinous cystadenoma</a>/cystadenocarcinoma </p>-<ul>-<li><p>this is usually only a serious consideration if typical features of mature cystic teratoma are absent (i.e. fat is absent)</p></li>-<li><p>tend to occur in an older age group than dermoid cysts </p></li>-</ul>-</li>-</ul><h4>See also</h4><ul>-<li><p><a href="/articles/ovarian-tumours">ovarian tumours</a></p></li>-<li><p><a href="/articles/dermoid-cyst">dermoid cyst</a></p></li>- +<p><strong>Ovarian dermoid cyst</strong> and <strong>mature cystic ovarian teratoma</strong> are terms often used interchangeably to refer to the most common <a href="/articles/ovarian-tumours">ovarian neoplasm</a>. These slow-growing tumours contain elements from multiple germ cell layers and can be assessed with ultrasound or MRI. </p><h4>Terminology</h4><p>Although they have very similar imaging appearances, the two have a fundamental histological difference: a dermoid is composed only of dermal and epidermal elements (which are both ectodermal in origin), whereas teratomas also comprise mesodermal and endodermal elements. </p><p>For the sake of simplicity, both are discussed in this article, as much of the literature combines the two entities. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>Mature cystic teratomas account for ~15% (range 10-20%) of all ovarian neoplasms. They tend to be identified in young women, typically around the age of 30 years <sup>1,</sup> and are also the most common ovarian neoplasm in patients younger than 20 years <sup>7</sup>.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Uncomplicated ovarian dermoid tend to be asymptomatic and are often discovered incidentally. They do, however, predispose to <a href="/articles/ovarian-torsion">ovarian torsion</a>, and may then present with acute pelvic pain. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Mature cystic teratomas are encapsulated tumours with mature tissue or organ components. They are composed of well-differentiated derivations from at least two of the three germ cell layers (i.e. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). They, therefore, contain developmentally mature skin complete with <a href="/articles/hair">hair follicles</a> and sweat glands, sometimes luxuriant clumps of long hair, and often pockets of sebum, <a href="/articles/blood">blood</a>, fat (93%) <sup>10</sup>, bone, nails, <a href="/articles/teeth">teeth</a>, <a href="/articles/ocular-globe-1">eyes</a>, <a href="/articles/cartilage">cartilage</a>, and <a href="/articles/thyroid-gland">thyroid tissue</a>. Typically their diameter is smaller than 10 cm, and rarely more than 15 cm. Real organoid structures (teeth, fragments of bone) may be present in ~30% of cases.</p><h5>Location</h5><p>They are bilateral in 10-15% of cases <sup>1,2</sup>.</p><h5>Variants</h5><ul><li><p><a href="/articles/struma-ovarii-tumour">struma ovarii tumour</a>: contains thyroid elements, however, sometimes these are separately classified as <a href="/articles/specialised-teratoma-ovary">specialised teratomas</a> of the ovaries</p></li></ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><h5>Plain radiograph</h5><p>May show calcific and tooth components with the pelvis.</p><h5>Ultrasound</h5><p>Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality. Typically an ovarian dermoid is seen as a cystic adnexal mass with some mural components. Most lesions are unilocular.</p><p>The spectrum of sonographic features includes:</p><ul>
- +<li>
- +<p>diffusely or partially echogenic mass with posterior sound attenuation owing to sebaceous material and hair within the cyst cavity</p>
- +<ul><li><p>an echogenic interface at the edge of mass that obscures deep structures: the <a href="/articles/tip-of-the-iceberg-sign-ovarian-dermoid-cyst">tip of the iceberg sign</a></p></li></ul>
- +</li>
- +<li><p>mural hyperechoic <a href="/articles/rokitansky-nodule">Rokitansky nodule</a> <a href="/articles/rokitansky-nodule">(dermoid plug)</a></p></li>
- +<li><p>echogenic, shadowing calcific or dental (tooth) components</p></li>
- +<li><p>the presence of fluid-fluid levels <sup>5</sup></p></li>
- +<li><p>multiple thin, echogenic bands caused by the hair in the cyst cavity: the <a href="/articles/dot-dash-pattern">dot-dash pattern (dermoid mesh)</a></p></li>
- +<li>
- +<p>colour Doppler: no internal vascularity</p>
- +<ul><li><p>internal vascularity requires further workup to exclude a malignant lesion</p></li></ul>
- +</li>
- +<li><p>intracystic <a href="/articles/floating-balls-sign">floating balls sign</a> is uncommon but characteristic <sup>9</sup></p></li>
- +</ul><h5>CT</h5><p>CT has high sensitivity in the diagnosis of cystic teratomas <sup>6</sup> though it is not routinely recommended for this purpose owing to its ionising radiation.</p><p>Typically CT images demonstrate fat (areas with very low Hounsfield values), <a href="/articles/fat-fluid-level">fat-fluid level</a>, calcification (sometimes dentiform), <a href="/articles/rokitansky-nodule">Rokitansky protuberance</a>, and tufts of hair. The presence of most of the above tissues is diagnostic of ovarian cystic teratomas in 98% of cases <sup>5</sup>. Whenever the size exceeds 10 cm or soft tissue plugs and cauliflower appearance with irregular borders are seen, <a href="/articles/squamous-cell-carcinoma-in-mature-cystic-teratoma-1">malignant transformation</a> should be suspected <sup>5</sup>.</p><p>When ruptured, the characteristic hypoattenuating fatty fluid can be found as anti dependant pockets, typically below the right hemidiaphragm, a pathognomonic finding <sup>2</sup>. The escaped cyst content also leads to chemical peritonitis and the mesentery may be stranded and the peritoneum thickened, which may mimic <a href="/articles/peritoneal-carcinomatosis">peritoneal carcinomatosis</a> <sup>2</sup>. </p><h5>MRI</h5><p>MR evaluation usually tends to be reserved for difficult cases but is exquisitely sensitive to fat components. Both fat suppression techniques and chemical shift artifact can be used to confirm the presence of fat. </p><p>Enhancement is also able to identify solid invasive components, and as such can be used to accurately locally stage malignant variants. </p><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>Mature ovarian teratomas are slow-growing (1-2 mm a year) and, therefore, some advocate nonsurgical management. Larger lesions are often surgically removed. Many recommend annual follow-up for lesions <7 cm to monitor growth, beyond which resection is advised.</p><h5>Complications</h5><p>Recognised complications include:</p><ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/ovarian-torsion">ovarian torsion</a>: ~3-16% of ovarian teratomas, in general: considered the most common complication</p></li>
- +<li><p>rupture: ~1-4%</p></li>
- +<li><p>malignant transformation: ~1-2%, usually into <a href="/articles/squamous-cell-carcinoma-ovary">squamous cell carcinoma</a> (adults) or rarely into <a href="/articles/ovarian-yolk-sac-tumour">endodermal sinus tumours</a> (paediatrics)</p></li>
- +<li><p>superimposed infection: 1%</p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/autoimmune-haemolytic-anaemia">autoimmune haemolytic anaemia</a>: <1%</p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a> (in <a href="/articles/struma-ovarii-tumour">struma ovarii</a> only)</p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/carcinoid-syndrome">carcinoid syndrome</a> (rare)</p></li>
- +<li><p>paraneoplastic <a href="/articles/anti-n-methyl-d-aspartic-acid-receptor-encephalitis">anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDA receptor) associated limbic encephalitis</a> (uncommon) <sup>8</sup></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/gliomatosis-peritonei" title="Gliomatosis peritonei">gliomatosis peritonei</a>: is a rare condition characterised by metastatic glial tissue on the peritoneum, omentum and lymph nodes</p></li>
- +</ul><h4>Differential diagnosis</h4><p>General differential imaging considerations include:</p><ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/haemorrhagic-ovarian-cyst">haemorrhagic ovarian cyst</a></p></li>
- +<li>
- +<p><a href="/articles/endometrioma">endometrioma</a></p>
- +<ul>
- +<li><p>a high T1 signal that does not suppress with fat saturation</p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/shading-sign-endometrioma">T2 shading</a> </p></li>
- +</ul>
- +</li>
- +<li>
- +<p>pedunculated <a href="/articles/uterine-lipoleiomyoma">lipoleiomyoma of the uterus</a></p>
- +<ul><li><p>can be traced back to the uterus </p></li></ul>
- +</li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/immature-ovarian-teratoma">immature teratoma</a></p></li>
- +<li>
- +<p><a href="/articles/ovarian-serous-cystadenoma">ovarian serous</a> or <a href="/articles/ovarian-mucinous-cystadenoma">mucinous cystadenoma</a>/cystadenocarcinoma </p>
- +<ul>
- +<li><p>this is usually only a serious consideration if typical features of mature cystic teratoma are absent (i.e. fat is absent)</p></li>
- +<li><p>tend to occur in an older age group than dermoid cysts </p></li>
- +</ul>
- +</li>
- +</ul><h4>See also</h4><ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/ovarian-tumours">ovarian tumours</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/dermoid-cyst">dermoid cyst</a></p></li>
References changed:
- 1. Outwater E, Siegelman E, Hunt J. Ovarian Teratomas: Tumor Types and Imaging Characteristics. Radiographics. 2001;21(2):475-90. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475">doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr09475</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259710">Pubmed</a>
- 2. Fibus T. Intraperitoneal Rupture of a Benign Cystic Ovarian Teratoma: Findings at CT and MR Imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;174(1):261-2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.174.1.1740261">doi:10.2214/ajr.174.1.1740261</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10628494">Pubmed</a>
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- 4. Friedman A, Pyatt R, Hartman D, Downey E, Olson W. CT of Benign Cystic Teratomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;138(4):659-65. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.138.4.659">doi:10.2214/ajr.138.4.659</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6978028">Pubmed</a>
- 5. Patel M, Feldstein V, Lipson S, Chen D, Filly R. Cystic Teratomas of the Ovary: Diagnostic Value of Sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171(4):1061-5. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.171.4.9762997">doi:10.2214/ajr.171.4.9762997</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9762997">Pubmed</a>
- 6. Buy J, Ghossain M, Moss A et al. Cystic Teratoma of the Ovary: CT Detection. Radiology. 1989;171(3):697-701. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.171.3.2717741">doi:10.1148/radiology.171.3.2717741</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2717741">Pubmed</a>
- 7. Park S, Kim J, Kim K, Cho K. Imaging Findings of Complications and Unusual Manifestations of Ovarian Teratomas. Radiographics. 2008;28(4):969-83. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.284075069">doi:10.1148/rg.284075069</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635624">Pubmed</a>
- 8. Acién P, Ruiz-Maciá E, Acién M, Martín-Estefanía C. Mature Ovarian Teratoma-Associated Limbic Encephalitis. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2015;35(3):317-9. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2014.941344">doi:10.3109/01443615.2014.941344</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25093683">Pubmed</a>
- 9. Gürel H & Gürel S. Ovarian Cystic Teratoma with a Pathognomonic Appearance of Multiple Floating Balls: A Case Report and Investigation of Common Characteristics of the Cases in the Literature. Fertil Steril. 2008;90(5):2008.e17-9. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.013">doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.013</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18304549">Pubmed</a>
- 10. Moomjian L, Clayton R, Carucci L. A Spectrum of Entities That May Mimic Abdominopelvic Abscesses Requiring Image-Guided Drainage. Radiographics. 2018;38(4):1264-81. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2018170133">doi:10.1148/rg.2018170133</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29995617">Pubmed</a>
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