Hodgkin lymphoma

Last revised by Arlene Campos on 14 Feb 2025

Hodgkin lymphoma or Hodgkin disease (HD) is a type of lymphoma and accounts for ~1% of all cancers. Hodgkin disease spreads contiguously and predictably along lymphatic pathways and is curable in ~90% of cases, depending on its stage and subtype.

There is a bimodal distribution in the age of affected patients, with peaks in young adults (15-34 years) and older patients (>55 years).

The typical presentation is with painless lymphadenopathy. Systemic symptoms (B symptoms) such as night sweats and weight loss may be present.

An uncommon presentation described in Hodgkin lymphoma is pain in involved organs following alcohol consumption.

The disease is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells (considered to be a type of B cell). These cells however only occupy a very small proportion (<5%) of the overall cell population of the affected lymph node. Contiguous spread is another feature. EBV infection is present in 40-80% depending on subtype 4.

There are five recognized histological subtypes, subdivided into two groups, classical and non-classical.

Positive for CD15/CD30 and negative for CD20/CD45/EMA:

  • nodular sclerosing: ≈70%

  • mixed cellularity: ≈25%

  • lymphocyte-rich: 5%

  • lymphocyte depleted: <5%

Positive for CD 19, 20, 22, 79a/EMA and negative for CD15/CD30:

  • nodular lymphocyte predominant (nodular paragranuloma)

For classification of lymphomas see WHO classification of neoplasms of lymphoid tissues.

Hodgkin disease is usually almost entirely confined to the lymph nodes. It typically starts in the upper body (neck, armpits, chest).

Extranodal Hodgkin disease although uncommon may be found in any organ system, either as a primary manifestation or as dissemination of systemic disease. This distinction is important, as disseminated disease carries a poorer prognosis. Extranodal disease may occur via invasion of adjacent tissue or via hematogenous spread.

Organ-specific involvement:

In contrast to other types of lymphoma, Hodgkin disease is usually characterized by a systematic nodal spread pattern making accurate staging important.

See main article: Hodgkin lymphoma staging.

Prognosis depends on stage as well as several other factors such as age, serological markers (ESR), presence of B symptoms, and histological tumor subtype:

  • nodular lymphocyte-predominant: best prognosis

  • lymphocyte depleted: worse prognosis

Treatment is dependent on the stage of the disease:

  • stage IIa and below: localized radiotherapy

  • stage IIb and above: chemotherapy +/- radiotherapy to sites of large tumor bulk

Cases and figures

  • Figure 1: gross pathology
  • Case 1
  • Figure 2: cytopathology
  • Case 2
  • Case 3: with abdominal lymphadenopathy
  • Case 4: large mediastinal mass: Hodgkin's lymphoma
  • Case 5
  • Case 6
  • Case 7: nodular sclerosing: involving axilla
  • Case 8
  • Case 9
  • Case 10 : with beaver tail liver
  • Case 11
  • Case 12
  • Case 13
  • Case 14
  • Case 15
  • Case 16
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