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Gonadal vein

Dr Daniel J Bell ◉ and Dr Julian Maingard ◈ et al.

The gonadal veins are paired structures that drain the gonads in males and females. In males it is called the testicular vein (or internal spermatic vein) and in females it is called the ovarian vein. The gonadal veins ascend with the gonadal arteries in the abdomen along the psoas muscle anterior to the ureters. Like the suprarenal veins each side drains differently:

the left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein
the right gonadal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava

On this page:

Article:

Gross anatomy
Variant anatomy
Radiographic features
Related pathology
Related articles
References

Images:

Cases and figures

Gross anatomy

Ovarian veins

The right ovarian vein arises from the right ovarian plexus (which is continuous with the uterine plexus) and lies lateral to the right ureter. It ascends anterior to psoas and parallels the right ureter. It crosses the ureter anteromedially halfway between bifurcation of the IVC and the point in which it joins the anterolateral inferior vena cava (IVC).

The left ovarian vein ascends similarly into the abdomen but drains into the left renal vein ^1-4.

Testicular veins

The venous circulation of the male gonads comprises two intrascrotal networks; a deep and superficial venous network. The deep network drains the testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens. The superficial network drains the veins of the scrotum.

Veins of the testes and epididymis form the pampiniform plexus. which ascends to form four veins at the level of the superficial inguinal ring and a single testicular vein at the level of the deep inguinal ring. It ascends through the inguinal canal in the spermatic cord^3,4.

The testicular vein ascends in the retroperitoneum on psoas major. Along its course there are variable communications with retroperitoneal veins, abdominal wall veins and renal capsular veins. The left testicular vein invariably drains into the left renal vein. The right testicular vein usually drains into IVC just below the renal vein, but sometimes drains into the right renal vein.

Variant anatomy

duplication is common, more often on the left (~13%) than on the right (~2%) ⁷

Radiographic features

CT

the ovarian veins are frequently used to identify the ovaries; they are useful landmarks particularly for determining the origin of a pelvic mass
the ovarian vascular pedicle sign is present in 92% of ovarian masses; direct joining of an asymmetrically enlarged gonadal veins with a pelvic mass indicates that the ovary is the organ of origin ^2,5
the ovarian vein is best visualized at level of the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery where it is surrounded by retroperitoneal fat and in the pelvis medial to external iliac vessels ^2,5
testicular vein normally measures 1-3 mm in diameter ⁸

Related pathology

ovarian vein phlebolith
ovarian vein reflux and pelvic congestion syndrome
ovarian vein thrombosis
ovarian vein stenosis and occlusion
varicocele

References

Anatomy: Abdominopelvic

skeleton of the abdomen and pelvis
muscles of the abdomen and pelvis
spaces of the abdomen and pelvis
- anterior abdominal wall
  - sternocostal triangle
- posterior abdominal wall
- abdominal cavity
  - peritoneum
  - retroperitoneum
- pelvic cavity
  - pelvic peritoneal space
    - rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)
    - rectovesical pouch
  - retropubic space (of Retzius)
  - paravesical space
    - lateral fossa
    - supravesical fossa
  - presacral space
  - canal of Nuck
  - pudendal canal
  - obturator canal
- perineum
abdominal and pelvic viscera
blood supply of the abdomen and pelvis
lymphatics
- lymph node groups
- cisterna chyli
innervation of the abdomen and pelvis
- lumbar plexus
- sacral plexus

Article information

rID: 26030

System: Vascular, Urogenital

Section: Anatomy

Tag: pelvis

Synonyms or Alternate Spellings:

Internal spermatic veins
Internal spermatic vein
Ovarian vein
Testicular vein
Gonadal veins
Testicular veins
Ovarian veins

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Cases and figures

Figure 1: pampiniform plexusFigure 1: pampiniform plexus

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Case 1: duplicated testicular vein Case 1: duplicated testicular vein

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