Pediatric curriculum

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The paediatric curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core paediatric knowledge.

Definition

Topics pertaining to paediatric radiology, including paediatric neuroradiology and fetal radiology, although there will be some cross coverage within the CNS and obstetric curricula.

Anatomy

An understanding of the anatomy of relevant structures is essential. Core anatomical topics include:

CNS

Heart and great vessels

MSK

GU

Radiological examinations

There are some key investigations that you will probably not come across anywhere else in radiology, and some that are significantly different in paediatric patients.

Plain radiograph

Fluoroscopy

Ultrasound

hip ultrasound
pyloric ultrasound
cranial ultrasound

MRI

fetal MRI
neonatal brain MRI
paediatric brain MRI

standard sequences

T1, T2, FLAIR, STIR, PDfs, DWI, SWI

advanced sequences

DTI, MRS, MR perfusion, ADC, fMRI

Pathology

CNS

~~congenital~~
~~agenesis of the corpus callosum~~

~~Dandy-Walker malformation~~

~~cortical dysplasia~~

~~holoprosencephaly~~

~~congenital (TORCH) infections~~

~~Chiari malformation~~

~~cortical malformations~~
neonatal ~~hypoxic-ischaemic brain injuries~~
~~parenchymal~~
- ~~paediatric stroke~~white matter injury of prematurity
- ~~cavernoma~~
~~trauma~~
- ~~paediatric traumatic brain injury~~periventricular leukomalacia ~~(pTBI~~(PVL)
- patterns of neonatal hypoxic-sichaemic brain injury
developmental anomalies
- agenesis of the corpus callosum
- Chiari I malformation
- Chiari II malformation
- posterior fossa cystic malformations
- grey matter heterotopia
  - lissencephaly-pachygyria spectrum
    - lissencephaly (classic or type I lissencephaly)
    - cobblestone lissencephaly (type II lissencephaly)
- cortical dysplasia
  - polymicrogyria
- schizencephaly
- hemimegalencephaly
- holoprosencephaly
- septo-optic dysplasia
- vein of Galen malformation
brain response to injury
ventricles
~~brain response to injury~~infection and demyelination
~~neoplasia~~brain tumours
- ~~brain tumours of the~~ posterior fossa (BEAM)
- supratentorial tumours
- intraventricular
  - choroid plexus tumours
  - SEGA (tuberous sclerosis)
- sellar and suprasellar
- germ cell tumour
- hypothalamic hamartoma

phakomatoses

neurofibromatosis type I (NF1)

parenchymal

trauma

spine

scoliosis

spondylolysis

spondylolisthesis

other

Chest

congenital
- sequestration
- CPAM (congenital pulmonary airways malformation)
- congenital diaphragmatic hernia
- tracheo-oesophageal fistula
neonates
- respiratory distress syndrome
  - neonatal chronic lung disease
  - pulmonary interstitial emphysema
- transient tachypnoea of the newborn
- meconium aspiration syndrome
- congenital lobar overinflation
infection
- round pneumonia
- bronchiolitis
- pulmonary necrosis
chronic lung disease
- cystic fibrosis
- bronchiolitis obliterans

Heart and great vessels

congenital heart disease
- cyanotic congenital heart disease
- acyanotic congenital heart disease
vascular anomaly
coarctation of the aorta
Marfan syndrome
Ehler-Danlos syndrome
interrupted aortic arch
left-to-right shunt
shunt vascularization
patent ductus arteriosus
scimitar syndrome
vascular ring
anomalous innomate artery
double aortic arch
left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery
pulmonary sling
right aortic arch

Musculoskeletal

trauma
- incomplete fractures (vs complete)
- injury patterns
  - distal forearm
    - distal radial buckle fracture
    - distal radial transverse fracture
  - elbow
  - Salter-Harris fracture
  - metaphyseal fracture
  - osteochondral defect
- non-accidental skeletal injuries
- Osgood-Schlatter disease/Sinding-Larsen-Johansson
- patellar sleeve avulsion
hip
- slipped upper femoral epiphysis
- developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
- Perthes disease (Legg-Calve-Perthes) (avascular necrosis)
skeletal dysplasias
- short limb skeletal dysplasia
- non-rhizomelic dwarfism (micromelic dwarfism)
- rhizomelic dwarfism
- lethal skeletal dysplasia
- limb deficiencies
  - amelia
  - meromelia
- non limb shortening skeletal dysplasia
malignancy
- Ewing sarcoma
- osteosarcoma
- metastases
osteogenesis imperfecta
juvenile idiopathic arthritis
chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)

Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary

congenital
- neonatal intestinal obstruction
- oesophageal atresia/tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF)
- duodenal atresia
- ileal atresia
- biliary atresia
- Hirschsprung disease
- meconium plug syndrome
- meconium ileus
- anorectal malformation
intestinal malrotation
- midgut volvulus
annular pancreas
non-bile-stained vomiting
pyloric stenosis
intussusception
appendicitis
common neoplasm
- hepatoblastoma
- neuroblastoma

Genitourinary

cystic renal disease
- autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
- multicystic dysplastic kidney
glomerulonephritis
pyelonephritis
renal malformations
ectopic ureter
posterior urethral valve
urachal remnant
vesicoureteric reflux
- VUR grading
pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction
vesicoureteric junction (VUJ) obstruction
neuropathic bladder
urinary tract infection
Wilms tumor
testes
cloacal anomalies
Mullerian duct anomalies

Syndromes, associations and other important topics

+<li>standard sequences<ul><li>T1, T2, FLAIR, STIR, PDfs, DWI, SWI</li></ul>
+</li>
+<li>advanced sequences<ul><li>DTI, MRS, MR perfusion, ADC, fMRI</li></ul>
+</li>
~~-<li>congenital<ul>~~
+<li>neonatal<ul>
+<li>
+<a href="/articles/periventricular-intraventricular-haemorrhages-pvih">periventricular-intraventricular haemorrhage</a> (PIVH)</li>
+<li><a href="/articles/neonatal-hypoxic-ischaemic-encephalopathy">hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy of the term newborn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/white-matter-injury-of-prematurity">white matter injury of prematurity</a></li>
+<li>
+<a href="/articles/periventricular-leukomalacia">periventricular leukomalacia</a> (PVL)</li>
+<li><a href="/articles/patterns-of-neonatal-hypoxic-ischaemic-brain-injury">patterns of neonatal hypoxic-sichaemic brain injury</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>developmental anomalies<ul>
+<li><a href="/articles/chiari-i-malformation">Chiari I malformation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/chiari-ii-malformation">Chiari II malformation</a></li>
+<li>posterior fossa cystic malformations<ul>
~~-<li><a href="/articles/focal-cortical-dysplasia">cortical dysplasia</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/holoprosencephaly">holoprosencephaly</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/congenital-infections-mnemonic">congenital (TORCH) infections</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/chiari-malformations">Chiari malformation</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/classification-system-for-malformations-of-cortical-development">cortical malformations</a></li>~~
+<li><a href="/articles/blakes-pouch-cyst-1">Blake pouch cyst</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/isolated-inferior-vermian-hypoplasia">cerebellar vermian hypoplasia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/mega-cisterna-magna-1">mega cisterna magna</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/arachnoid-cyst">posterior fossa arachnoid cyst</a></li>
~~-<li>neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injuries <ul>~~
~~-<a href="/articles/periventricular-intraventricular-haemorrhages-pvih">periventricular-intraventricular haemorrhage</a> (PIVH)</li>~~
+<a href="/articles/grey-matter-heterotopia">grey matter heterotopia</a><ul><li>
+<a href="/articles/lissencephaly-pachygyria-spectrum-2">lissencephaly-pachygyria spectrum</a><ul>
~~-<a href="/articles/periventricular-leukomalacia">periventricular leukomalacia</a> (PVL)</li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/neonatal-hypoxic-ischaemic-encephalopathy">hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy of the term newborn</a></li>~~
+<a href="/articles/lissencephaly-type-i-subcortical-band-heterotopia-spectrum-1">lissencephaly</a> (classic or type I lissencephaly)</li>
+<li>
+<a href="/articles/lissencephaly-type-ii">cobblestone lissencephaly</a> (type II lissencephaly)</li>
+</li></ul>
~~-<li>parenchymal<ul>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/paediatric-stroke">paediatric stroke</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/cavernous-venous-malformation-1">cavernoma</a></li>~~
+<li>
+<a href="/articles/focal-cortical-dysplasia">cortical dysplasia</a><ul><li><a href="/articles/polymicrogyria">polymicrogyria</a></li></ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/articles/schizencephaly">schizencephaly</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/emimegalencephaly">hemimegalencephaly</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/holoprosencephaly">holoprosencephaly</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/septo-optic-dysplasia-1">septo-optic dysplasia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/vein-of-galen-aneurysmal-malformation-1">vein of Galen malformation</a></li>
~~-<li>trauma<ul>~~
+<li>brain response to injury<ul>
~~-<a href="/articles/paediatric-traumatic-brain-injury">paediatric traumatic brain injury</a> (pTBI)</li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/non-accidental-head-injury">non-accidental head injury</a></li>~~
+<a href="/articles/white-matter-volume-loss">white matter volume loss</a><ul><li><a href="/articles/ulegyria">ulegyria</a></li></ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="/articles/multicystic-encephalomalacia">multicystic encephalomalacia </a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/porencephaly">porencephaly</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/hydranencephaly">hydranencephaly</a></li>
+<li>
+<a href="/articles/benign-enlargement-of-the-subarachnoid-space-in-infancy">benign enlargement of extraaxial spaces</a> (BESS)</li>
~~-<li>brain response to injury<ul>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/white-matter-volume-loss">white matter volume loss</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/multicystic-encephalomalacia">multicystic encephalomalacia </a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/porencephaly">porencephaly</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/ulegyria">ulegyria</a></li>~~
+<li>infection and demyelination<ul>
+<li><a href="/articles/congenital-infections-mnemonic">congenital (TORCH) infections</a></li>
+<li><a title="Encephalitis due to herpesvirus family" href="/articles/encephalitis-due-to-herpesvirus-family">encephalitis</a></li>
+<li>
+<a title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)" href="/articles/acute-disseminated-encephalomyelitis-adem-1">acute disseminated encephalomyelitis</a> (ADEM)</li>
+<li><a title="Multiple sclerosis" href="/articles/multiple-sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a></li>
~~-<li>neoplasia<ul>~~
~~-<li>brain tumours of the posterior fossa (<a href="/articles/paediatric-posterior-fossa-tumours-mnemonic">BEAM</a>)<ul>~~
+<li>brain tumours<ul>
+<li>posterior fossa (<a href="/articles/paediatric-posterior-fossa-tumours-mnemonic">BEAM</a>)<ul>
+<li><a title="ATRT" href="/articles/atypical-teratoidrhabdoid-tumour">ATRT</a></li>
+<li><a title="Astrocytoma" href="/articles/astrocytic-tumours">astrocytoma</a></li>
+<li><a title="DNET" href="/articles/dysembryoplastic-neuroepithelial-tumour">DNET</a></li>
+<li><a title="Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma" href="/articles/pleomorphic-xanthoastrocytoma">pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>intraventricular<ul>
+<li><a title="Choroid plexus tumours" href="/articles/choroid-plexus-tumours">choroid plexus tumours</a></li>
+<li>
+<a title="SEGA" href="/articles/subependymal-giant-cell-astrocytoma">SEGA</a> (tuberous sclerosis)</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>sellar and suprasellar<ul>
~~-<li><a href="/articles/rathkes-cleft-cyst-2">rathke cleft cyst</a></li>~~
+<li><a title="Hypothalamic glioma" href="/articles/hypothalamic-glioma">hypothalamic glioma</a></li>
+<li><a title="Intracranial germ cell tumour" href="/articles/intracranial-germ-cell-tumours">germ cell tumour</a></li>
+<li><a title="Hypothalamic hamartoma" href="/articles/hypothalamic-hamartoma">hypothalamic hamartoma</a></li>
~~-<li><a href="/articles/brain-tumours-in-infancy">brain tumours in infancy</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/tuberous-sclerosis">tuberous sclerosis</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a href="/articles/sturge-weber-syndrome-1">Sturge-Weber</a></li>~~
+<li><a href="/articles/tuberous-sclerosis">tuberous sclerosis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/sturge-weber-syndrome-1">Sturge-Weber</a></li>
+<li>parenchymal<ul>
+<li><a href="/articles/paediatric-stroke">paediatric stroke</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/cavernous-venous-malformation-1">cavernoma</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>trauma<ul>
+<li>
+<a href="/articles/paediatric-traumatic-brain-injury">paediatric traumatic brain injury</a> (pTBI)</li>
+<li><a href="/articles/non-accidental-head-injury">non-accidental head injury</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a title="Scoliosis" href="/articles/scoliosis">scoliosis</a></li>
+<li><a title="Spondylolysis" href="/articles/spondylolysis">spondylolysis</a></li>
+<li><a title="Spondylolisthesis" href="/articles/spondylolisthesis-1">spondylolisthesis</a></li>
+<li><a title="Orbital cellulitis" href="/articles/orbital-infection">orbital cellulitis</a></li>
+<li>paediatric neck masses</li>
~~-<li><a title="Elbow joint effusion" href="/articles/elbow-joint-effusion">elbow joint effusion</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a title="Supracondylar fracture" href="/articles/supracondylar-humeral-fracture-2">supracondylar fracture</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a title="Lateral condyle fracture" href="/articles/lateral-condyle-fracture">lateral condyle fracture</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a title="Olecranon fracture" href="/articles/olecranon-fracture-1">olecranon fracture</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a title="Medial epicondyle avulsion fracture" href="/articles/medial-epicondyle-fracture-1">medial epicondyle avulsion</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a title="Radial head dislocation" href="/articles/radial-head-dislocation">radial head dislocation</a></li>~~
~~-<li><a title="Radial neck fracture" href="/articles/radial-neck-fracture-3">radial neck fracture</a></li>~~
+<li><a href="/articles/elbow-joint-effusion">elbow joint effusion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/supracondylar-humeral-fracture-2">supracondylar fracture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/lateral-condyle-fracture">lateral condyle fracture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/olecranon-fracture-1">olecranon fracture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/medial-epicondyle-fracture-1">medial epicondyle avulsion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/radial-head-dislocation">radial head dislocation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/radial-neck-fracture-3">radial neck fracture</a></li>
~~-<li><a title="Salter-Harris fracture" href="/articles/salter-harris-fracture">Salter-Harris fracture</a></li>~~
+<li><a href="/articles/salter-harris-fracture">Salter-Harris fracture</a></li>
~~-<li><a title="Slipped upper femoral epiphysis" href="/articles/slipped-upper-femoral-epiphysis">slipped upper femoral epiphysis</a></li>~~
+<li><a href="/articles/slipped-upper-femoral-epiphysis">slipped upper femoral epiphysis</a></li>
~~-<a title="Developmental dysplasia of the hip" href="/articles/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip">developmental dysplasia of the hip</a> (DDH)</li>~~
+<a href="/articles/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip">developmental dysplasia of the hip</a> (DDH)</li>
~~-<a title="Perthes disease" href="/articles/perthes-disease">Perthes disease</a> (Legg-Calve-Perthes) (avascular necrosis)</li>~~
+<a href="/articles/perthes-disease">Perthes disease</a> (Legg-Calve-Perthes) (avascular necrosis)</li>