Caval variants
Last revised by Craig Hacking on 22 Dec 2022
Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data
Citation:
D'Souza D, Hacking C, Niknejad M, et al. Caval variants. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 09 Oct 2024) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-1061
Permalink:
rID:
1061
Article created:
2 May 2008,
Donna D'Souza
Disclosures:
At the time the article was created Donna D'Souza had no recorded disclosures.
View Donna D'Souza's current disclosures
Last revised:
22 Dec 2022,
Craig Hacking ◉
Disclosures:
At the time the article was last revised Craig Hacking had the following disclosures:
- Philips Australia, Paid speaker at Philips Spectral CT events (ongoing)
These were assessed during peer review and were determined to not be relevant to the changes that were made.
View Craig Hacking's current disclosures
Revisions:
17 times, by
12 contributors -
see full revision history and disclosures
Systems:
Sections:
Synonyms:
- Anomalies of the SVC and IVC
- Anomalies of the superior and inferior vena cava
- Caval variations
- Caval abnormalities
Caval variants, the variance of the anatomy of the venae cavae are common, due to the complex embryology of the venous system. Caval variants are important for a number of reasons:
to avoid confusion with venous pathology
to suggest the presence of frequently associated abnormalities
to plan vascular intervention/surgery
Types
-
superior vena cava (SVC)
-
inferior vena cava (IVC)
-
postrenal
persistent right posterior cardinal vein (retrocaval or circumcaval ureter)
persistent left supracardinal vein (transposition of IVC or left-sided IVC)
persistent bilateral supracardinal veins (duplication of IVC)
-
renal
-
prerenal
-
See also
References
- 1. Bass JE, Redwine MD, Kramer LA et-al. Spectrum of congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: cross-sectional imaging findings. Radiographics. 20 (3): 639-52. Radiographics (full text) - Pubmed citation
- 2. Kellman GM, Alpern MB, Sandler MA et-al. Computed tomography of vena caval anomalies with embryologic correlation. Radiographics. 1988;8 (3): 533-56. Radiographics (abstract) - Pubmed citation
- 3. Padhani AR, Hale HL. Mediastinal venous anomalies: potential pitfalls in cancer diagnosis. Br J Radiol. 1998;71 (847): 792-8. Br J Radiol (abstract) - Pubmed citation
- 4. Chuang VP, Mena CE, Hoskins PA. Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava. Review of embryogenesis and presentation of a simplified classification. Br J Radiol. 1974;47 (556): 206-13. Br J Radiol (citation) - Pubmed citation
- 5. Bass JE, Redwine MD, Kramer LA, Huynh PT, Harris JH. Spectrum of congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: cross-sectional imaging findings. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 20 (3): 639-52. doi:10.1148/radiographics.20.3.g00ma09639 - Pubmed
Incoming Links
Articles:
Cases:
- Left sided inferior vena cava with azygos continuation
- Azygos continuation of inferior vena cava
- Left sided superior vena cava
- Left-sided superior vena cava
- Absent infrarenal inferior vena cava
- Posterior nutcracker phenomenon - retroaortic left renal vein draining into IVC
- Azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava
- Inferior vena cava duplication
- Caval variants (illustrations)
- Congenital absence of the IVC
- Left-sided inferior vena cava
- Persistent left superior vena cava
- Double inferior vena cava
- Duplication of the inferior vena cava
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- thoracic skeleton
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- spaces of the thorax
- thoracic viscera
- lower respiratory tract
-
heart
- cardiac chambers
- heart valves
- cardiac fibrous skeleton
- innervation of the heart
- development of the heart
- cardiac wall
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pericardium
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- epicardial fat pad
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pericardial recesses
- aortic recesses
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- postcaval recess
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- myocardium
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pericardium
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-
thoracic aorta (development)
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ascending aorta
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aortic root
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coronary arteries
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left main coronary artery (LMCA)
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circumflex artery (LCx)
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left anterior descending artery (LAD)
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right coronary artery (RCA)
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- sinotubular junction
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aortic root
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ascending aorta
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thoracic aorta (development)
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- superior vena cava (SVC)
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-
coronary veins
-
cardiac veins which drain into the coronary sinus
- great cardiac vein
- middle cardiac vein
- small cardiac vein
- posterior vein of the left ventricle
- vein of Marshall (oblique vein of the left atrium)
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- venae cordis minimae (smallest cardiac veins or thebesian veins)
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cardiac veins which drain into the coronary sinus
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Related articles: Anatomy: Abdominopelvic
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endocrine system
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adrenal gland
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adrenal gland
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urinary system
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kidney
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variants
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kidney
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female reproductive system
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abdominal aorta
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common iliac artery
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internal iliac artery (mnemonic)
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internal pudendal artery
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perineal artery
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abdominal aorta
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sacral plexus
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